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Advanced Neurology Depression and its risk factors in India

Table 3. Serum markers and association with depression
No. Author and year Location Diagnostic Case group/ Serum marker (s) Technology used Results
tool (s) control group
1 Mulchandani Haryana PHQ-9 None TC; LDL; HDL; TG TC No association was
et al., 2023 107 found between lipids and
depressive symptoms.
2 Patra et al., 2014 108 New Delhi HDRS 30/30 TC; LDL; HDL; TG Phosphotungstate- TC and LDL-cholesterol
MgCl2 method levels were found to be
significantly lower in
depressed individuals.
3 Varambally et al., Karnataka HDRS 43/24 BDNF Sandwich ELISA BDNF was significantly
2013 109 lower in patients with
depression.
4 Khalid et al., Lucknow (UP) HDRS 28/28 TC; LDL; HDL; TG None Total serum cholesterol
1998 110 was the most important
predictive variable of the
severity of depression.
5 Dhiman et al., Puducherry EPDS 217/217 Total Vit-B12; MMA; ELISA Women with probable PPD
2021 111 5-methyl THF; Hcy; had lower vitamin B12
Holotc; SAM; 5-HTT; levels and higher MMA and
cB12 5-methyl THF levels. No
differences were observed in
Hcy, Holotc, or SAM levels.
6 Arora et al., 2019 175 New Delhi BDI-II; 42/42 S100B Sandwich ELISA Levels of serum S100B were
HDRS significantly elevated in
patients with MDD.
7 Saldanha et al., Maharashtra BDI 40/40 Serotonin ELISA The correlation between
2009 176 serotonin levels before and after
the treatment and between the
rating scales did not reveal a
significant association.
8 Chaudhary et al., Haryana BDI-II 252/251 FBG; TC; TG; HDL; Spectrophotometry The distribution of individuals
2022 177 VLDL with varying blood glucose
levels (normal, low, high)
did not significantly differ
between the non-depressed
and depressed categories.
However, the control group
had significantly more
individuals with high TC and
high LDL compared with the
case group.
9 Narayan et al., Tamil Nadu HDRS 40/40 Hcys CLIA A significant association was
2014 178 found between total Hcys
levels and depression in
younger women, specifically
correlating with the severity
of depression.
10 Mathew et al., Kerala PHQ-9 100/None FBS None FBS values were significantly
2013 179 higher in depressed
individuals.
11 Pallavi et al., New Delhi DSM-IV, 77/54 IL-1β; IL-2; IL-6; ELISA Depressed adolescents had
2015 180 BDI-II IL-10; TNF-α; IFN-γ; significantly higher levels of
TGF-β1; IL-17A IL-2 and IL-6. The female
population skewed the IL-6
results among MDD patients.
(Cont’d...)

Volume 4 Issue 3 (2025) 43 doi: 10.36922/an.5940