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Advanced Neurology Depression and its risk factors in India

Table 3.(Continued)
No. Author and year Location Diagnostic Case group/ Serum marker (s) Technology used Results
tool (s) control group
22 Ray et al., 2024 191 Odisa ICD-10; 50/50 Vit-D; cortisol ECLIA The study found a negative
HDRS correlation between MDD
and Vit-D levels, with no
significant change in serum
cortisol levels, suggesting
a link between Vit-D
deficiency and MDD.
23 Verma et al., UP DSM-IV 80/80 Prolidase; None The study found higher
2017 192 antioxidants; total SPA and oxidative stress
oxidants in patients with MDD,
suggesting a potential
correlation with MDD
progression and its
pathogenesis.
Abbreviations: PHQ-9: Patient health questionnaire-9; TC: Total cholesterol; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; HDL: High-density lipoprotein;
TG: Triglycerides; HDRS: Hamilton depression rating scale; MgCl2: Magnesium chloride; ELISA: Enzyme-Linked immunosorbent assay; UP: Uttar
Pradesh; EPDS: Edinburgh postnatal depression scale; Vit-Bl2: Vitamin Bl2; MMA: Methylmalonic acid; THF: Tetrahydrofolate; Hcys: Homocysteine;
Holotc: Holotranscobalamin; SAM: S-adenosyl methionine; 5-HTT: Serotonin transporter; cBl2: Combined indicator of Vitamin Bl2 status;
PPD: Postpartum depression; MDD: Major depressive disorder; BDI-II: Beck depression inventory II; S100B: S100 calcium-binding protein B;
FBS: Fasting blood sugar; DSM-IV: Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fourth edition; IL: Interleukin; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis
factor-alpha; IFN: Interferon; TGF: Transforming growth factor; MP: Madhya Pradesh; Vit-D: Vitamin D; BDI: Beck depression inventory;
FBG: Fasting blood glucose; VLDL: Very low-density lipoprotein; CLIA: Chemiluminescence immunoassay; CHOD-PAP Method: Cholesterol
oxidase-peroxidase aminoantipyrine method; MADRS: Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale; SGPT: Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase;
SGOT: Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase; TSH: Thyroid-stimulating hormone; Vit-B9: vitamin B9; ICD-10: International classification
of diseases, tenth revision; GHQ-28: General health questionnaire-28; AChE: acetylcholinesterase; PON1: Paraoxonase 1; Mg++, Ca++, Na+and
K+: Magnesium ions, calcium ions, sodium ions, potassium ions; CRP: C-reactive protein; FED: First-episode depression; RDD: Recurrent depressive
disorder; ECLIA: Electrochemiluminescence immunoassay; SPA: Serum protease activity.

In a comprehensive exploration of the intersection face an elevated risk of experiencing concurrent mental
between physical health and mental well-being, several health challenges. Finally, emotional stress was identified
125
studies have shed light on the profound impact of certain as a factor worsening acne, negatively impacting the quality
126
medical conditions on individuals’ psychological states. of life, self-esteem, and mood of affected individuals.
A study conducted by Thakur et al. in North India focused These studies illustrate the intricate relationship between
on women with breast cancer, utilizing the Hamilton mental and physical health, specifically in conditions with
Depression 17-item Rating Scale. The findings revealed a dermatological manifestations.
striking 47.05% rate of depression among this population, Another important and common chronic metabolic
underscoring the substantial psychological burden condition, diabetes, is significantly comorbid with
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associated with a breast cancer diagnosis. Similarly, depression and anxiety. 127-129 Among patients with diabetes,
leprosy, a neglected tropical disease, not only poses physical depression has been strongly linked to various related
challenges but also contributes to stigma and discrimination factors, including low income, living in urban areas, being
in low- and middle-income countries. Govindasamy unmarried, using insulin therapy, and conditions such
et al. identified an association between leprosy and as retinopathy and ischemic heart disease. Anxiety is
mental health issues, particularly depression and anxiety, significantly predicted by diabetic complications such as
emphasizing the need for a holistic approach to address neuropathy, retinopathy, and cardiovascular disorders (e.g.,
both dimensions of health. Psoriasis, a psychocutaneous ischemic heart disease). 130,131 Irritable bowel syndrome is
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disorder, has also been the subject of research revealing another very common gastrointestinal dysfunction that
a noteworthy association with mental health concerns. is comorbid with depression and anxiety disorders.
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A study conducted by Lakshmy et al. demonstrated Oral mucosal or submucous fibrosis is also significantly
substantial comorbidity between psoriasis and conditions comorbid with anxiety and depression. 132,133 Gender
such as depression and anxiety. This finding indicates that disparity was found to be comorbid between depression
individuals grappling with psoriasis not only contend with and obsessive-compulsive disorder, with depression being
the visible and physical aspects of the skin disorder but also more common in women. In recent decades, drug-
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Volume 4 Issue 3 (2025) 45 doi: 10.36922/an.5940