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Advanced Neurology Depression and its risk factors in India

Table 3.(Continued)
No. Author and year Location Diagnostic Case group/ Serum marker (s) Technology used Results
tool (s) control group
12 Muthuramalingam Puducherry DSM-IV 55/42 TNF-α; IL-6; TGF-B ELISA Drug-naïve depressed
et al., 2016 181 individuals demonstrated
significantly raised baseline
levels of TNF-α and IL-6
but no difference in levels of
TGF-β.
13 Kaithwas et al., MP None 70/70 Vit-D None Although nearly two-thirds
2023 182 of the depressed participants
had either insufficient/
deficient levels, the difference
was not statistically
significant.
14 Kale et al., 2014 183 Maharashtra BDI 40/30 TC, LDL, TG, VLDL CHOD-PAP Method Low levels of TC, LDL, TG,
and VLDL were significantly
linked to depression.
Screening for depression
in patients with low lipid
levels was deemed crucial for
timely intervention.
15 Gupta et al., 2024 184 Haryana HDRS; 200/None Lipid profile None Higher LDL-cholesterol
BDI-II levels were linked to
increased depression risk,
whereas HDL cholesterol
offered protective benefits.
16 Sandeep Varma Karnataka MADRS 30/30 L-acetyl carnitine ELISA A significant strong
et al., 2024 185 negative relationship was
found between MADRS
scores and acetylcarnitine
levels, indicating that lower
acetylcarnitine levels are
associated with more severe
depression.
17 Baradia et al., UP HDRS 44/44 Glucose; total protein; CLIA Most patients with clinical
2018 186 albumin; SGPT; depression had a Vit-B12
SGOT; TSH; Vit-B9; deficiency.
Vit-B12
18 Ullas Kamath et al., Karnataka ICD-10; 24/20 AChE; PON1; Copper Spectrophotometry AChE, PON1, and copper
2019 187 GHQ-28 and Colorimetry levels were significantly
greater in patients with
moderate depression.
19 Singh et al., 2011 188 Kanpur DSV-IV; 100/40 Mg++; Ca++; Na+; Flame Photonetery An imbalance in the level of
ICD-10 K+ serum electrolytes, especially
of Ca and Mg, occurred in
accordance with the severity
of depression.
20 Mishra et al., MP HDRS 25/25 CRP Latex-enhanced Late-onset depression was
2018 189 Immunoturbidimetry associated with higher levels
of CRP.
21 Jeenger et al., Rajasthan BDI 52+33/50 CRP; BDNF; IL-2 ELISA FED and RDD were
2018 190 associated with lower BDNF
and higher IL-2 levels, with
no difference in CRP.
(Cont’d...)

Volume 4 Issue 3 (2025) 44 doi: 10.36922/an.5940