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Advanced Neurology Epilepsy after traumatic brain injuries

Table 3. Pharmacological effects of traditional drugs evaluated in various high‑quality clinical trials
Drugs Experimental animals Effectiveness References
Curcumin Rats and mice Exhibits potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic effects 77
Oxyberberine Mice Exhibits neuroprotective effects mediated via inhibition of HMGB1-mediated 78
TLR4/NFκB pathway
Trehalose Mice Prevents oxidative stress; increases growth factor expression and secretion; delays 79
dementia; and halts protein aggregation
Perampanel Rats Suppresses expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β, while 80
increasing the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β1. (This
reflects protection against TBI-induced neuronal damage and neurological
dysfunction through anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activity.)
Quercetin Mice Inhibits inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis 81
Quercetin (30 mg/kg) Sprague–Dawley rats Decreases IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β levels, leading to a reduction in 82
neuroinflammation
Catechin (20 mg/kg) Rats Reduces neuronal damage while improving motor function and cognition 83
Sesamin (30 mg/kg) Rats Reduces brain edema, and suppressing activation of ERK, p-38, and caspase-3 84
Honokiol Rats Improves motor, sensory, and cognitive functions; reduces neuronal apoptosis and 85
(0.5 or 2 mg/kg) lesion size; and decreases cell cycle proteins
Cinnamon (10 mg/kg) Rats Reduces lesion size and neuronal apoptosis and may improve neuronal survival 86
Resveratrol (100 mg/kg) Rats Reduces autophagy in brain cells 87
Abbreviations: ERK: Extracellular signal-regulated kinase; HMGB1: High mobility group box 1 protein; IL: Interleukin; NFκB: Nuclear factor kappa B;
TBI: Traumatic brain injury; TGF-β: Transforming growth factor beta; TLR4: Toll-like receptor 4; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha.

9.9. Meditation and yoga 9.11. Acupuncture and acupressure therapy
In both Ayurveda and other traditional systems, practices Acupuncture, a practice rooted in traditional Chinese
such as meditation and yoga are prescribed to manage the medicine, has gained attention for its potential role in
stress and anxiety that often accompany epilepsy. These managing epilepsy. Acupuncture involves inserting thin
practices aim to balance the nervous system, enhance needles into specific points on the body to regulate the
relaxation, and improve overall mental and physical flow of energy and restore balance. It has been shown
well-being. Studies have shown that yoga can reduce the to help reduce seizure frequency and intensity in some
frequency of seizures and improve the quality of life for individuals with epilepsy, especially when combined
individuals with epilepsy. 96 with herbal treatments. Acupressure, which uses physical
pressure instead of needles, is also considered an effective
9.10. Dietary and nutritional approaches way to manage symptoms and support the healing process
Traditional dietary approaches, such as ketogenic after TBI. 98
diets, have been used historically for the management 9.12. Spiritual healing
of epilepsy. These diets are high in fats and low in
carbohydrates, promoting the production of ketones, Spiritual healing is another aspect of traditional therapies
99
which have anticonvulsant effects. While ketogenic in managing epilepsy. Many cultures attribute epilepsy
diets have been adopted in modern medicine for seizure to spiritual or metaphysical causes and employ practices
control, the principle behind these diets has its roots in such as prayer, ritualistic healing, and energy work to
100
traditional practices where certain foods were believed address the root cause of the seizures. While the efficacy
to balance bodily humors or energies. In many cultures, of spiritual healing is difficult to measure scientifically,
food therapies are prescribed to improve brain function these practices often offer emotional support and a sense
and prevent seizures. Foods rich in antioxidants, such of community for individuals dealing with the challenges
as berries, nuts, and green leafy vegetables, are often of epilepsy and TBI. 101
recommended to reduce oxidative stress following TBI. In
addition, omega-3 fatty acids found in fish and flaxseeds 10. Conclusion
are believed to improve cognitive function and reduce the TBI continues to be a major public health concern
likelihood of post-traumatic seizures. 97 worldwide, contributing to a wide array of neurological

Volume 4 Issue 4 (2025) 10 doi: 10.36922/an.8356