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Advanced Neurology

REVIEW ARTICLE
A review of current status of epilepsy after

traumatic brain injuries: Pathophysiology, clinical
outcomes, and emerging treatment strategies

Aman Shrivastava * , Sumeet Dwivedi 2 , Paras Gupta 3 , Rahul Chaurasia 4 ,
1
Anees Ghosi 5 , Amit Anand 6 , and Abhishek Kumar 7
1 Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Professional Studies College of Pharmacy, Gwalior,
Madhya Pradesh, India
2 Department of Pharmacognosy, Acropolis Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research,
Indore,Madhya Pradesh, India
3 Department of Pharmacognosy, United Institute of Pharmacy, Naini, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India
4 Department of Pharmaceutics, Bhagyoday Tirth Pharmacy College, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, India
5 Department of Pharmacology, Chameli Devi Institute of Pharmacy, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
6 Department of Pharmacognosy, JSS College of Pharmacy, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
7 Department of Pharmacology, Gurukul Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research,
Gwalior,Madhya Pradesh, India
(This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advances in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment
of epilepsy)

Abstract

*Corresponding author:
Dr. Aman Shrivastava Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of neurological dysfunction worldwide,
(aman.shrivastava_phdph20@gla. often resulting in long-lasting cognitive, motor, and psychiatric disorders. This review
ac.in) presents a comprehensive analysis of the neurological complications that arise
Citation: Shrivastava A, Dwivedi S, following TBI, focusing on the underlying mechanisms and the clinical manifestations
Gupta P, et al. A review of current observed in affected patients. TBI induces a complex cascade of biochemical events,
status of epilepsy after traumatic including neuronal injury, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and excitotoxicity,
brain injuries: Pathophysiology, which collectively contribute to the onset of various neurological disorders. One of the
clinical outcomes, and emerging
treatment strategies. Adv Neurol. most common and debilitating consequences of TBI is post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE),
2025;4(4):1-16. which frequently develops in patients as a long-term sequela. The review discusses
doi: 10.36922/an.8356 the pathophysiology of PTE, examining how brain injury alters neuronal excitability
Received: January 1, 2025 and predisposes patients to recurrent seizures. In addition to epilepsy, TBI often leads
to cognitive impairments, such as memory loss, attention deficits, and executive
Revised: February 13, 2025
dysfunction, which significantly affect patients’ daily functioning. Motor impairments,
Accepted: April 2, 2025 including weakness, spasticity, and coordination issues, are common among TBI patients
Published online: April 22, 2025 and can severely limit their mobility and independence. These motor deficits are primarily
associated with injury to the motor cortex, basal ganglia, and cerebellum. Psychiatric
Copyright: © 2025 Author(s). disorders, such as depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder, are prevalent
This is an Open-Access article
distributed under the terms of the in TBI patients and further complicate their recovery. This review emphasizes the need
Creative Commons Attribution for early diagnosis, targeted interventions, and novel therapeutic strategies to manage
License, permitting distribution, the diverse and complex neurological consequences of TBI. A deeper understanding of
and reproduction in any medium, the pathophysiology and clinical manifestations of TBI-related neurological disorders is
provided the original work is
properly cited. crucial for improving patient outcomes and enhancing quality of life.
Publisher’s Note: AccScience
Publishing remains neutral with Keywords: Traumatic brain injury; Post-traumatic epilepsy; Cognitive impairments;
regard to jurisdictional claims in
published maps and institutional Neuroinflammation; Motor deficits; Psychiatric disorders; Neurological sequelae
affiliations.

Volume 4 Issue 4 (2025) 1 doi: 10.36922/an.8356