Page 10 - AN-4-4

Advanced Neurology Epilepsy after traumatic brain injuries

Figure 2. Initial targeted sites after primary and secondary injury of the brain. The figure was created using BioRender (https://www.biorender.com/).

2.6. Epigenetic and molecular mechanisms dominate clinical practice, several emerging methods are
gaining traction in research and experimental settings.
Epigenetic modifications, including changes in DNA
methylation, histone acetylation, and microRNA These emerging assessments aim to address the limitations
of existing tools, often focusing on precision, adaptability,
expression, have emerged as key players in TBI-induced and integration of novel technologies (Table 1). However,
epileptogenesis. These molecular alterations influence many of these innovations lack robust published evidence
gene expression patterns associated with inflammation, or validation studies in TBI populations, highlighting a
neurodegeneration, and synaptic plasticity. Advances in critical area for future research. 27
epigenetic research are paving the way for the development
of novel therapeutic strategies, such as small molecule 3.1. Real-world clinical adoption challenges in
inhibitors targeting specific epigenetic regulators. 25 artificial intelligence (AI)-based TBI diagnostics

2.7. Role of network connectivity and cortical AI has emerged as a transformational tool in the diagnosis
excitability and therapy of TBI. AI-powered systems, particularly
those employing deep learning and machine learning
TBI-induced changes in neural network connectivity, algorithms, have proven potential in automating
including cortical deafferentation and hyperexcitability, radiological evaluations, diagnosing minor brain
underlie the generation and propagation of seizures. abnormalities, and enhancing clinical decision-making.
Advances in functional imaging and electrophysiological Understanding complicated regulatory regimes is one
studies have enhanced our understanding of these of the biggest obstacles to the adoption of AI-based TBI
network-level changes, providing opportunities to develop diagnostics. AI-based medical innovations must pass
neuromodulation therapies such as transcranial magnetic rigorous approval procedures set by regulatory bodies
stimulation (TMS) and deep brain stimulation (DBS). 26 like the European Medicines Agency and the U.S. Food

3. Emerging assessments in TBI populations and Drug Administration. Maintaining adherence to
changing laws pertaining to clinical validation, algorithmic
TBI is a multifaceted condition that requires comprehensive transparency, and data protection continues to be a major
evaluation to understand its impact and guide therapeutic challenge. Adding to the difficulty of regulatory clearances
interventions. While established assessment tools is the dynamic nature of AI models. 35

Volume 4 Issue 4 (2025) 4 doi: 10.36922/an.8356