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Brain & Heart Mesenchymal cell therapy for heart disease

Figure 1. Comparison of therapeutic effects of mesenchymal derived exosomes, extracellular vesicles, and their paracrine effects.
Table 1. Summary of clinical trials in animal models

Animal model Cell source Condition Method Outcome References
Rat Adipose AMI Transplantation Acceleration of angiogenesis in the infarcted area after 47
tissue-derived rat myocardial infarction and improvement of heart
MSC function
Rat Human umbilical DCM Intravenous injection Improved cardiac function through induction of 32
cord MSC myogenesis and angiogenesis; also inhibits myocardial
fibrosis
Pig Allogenic BM MSC AMI Intramyocardial injection Successful in intramyocardial engraftment and 48
differentiation into a cardiomyocyte
Swine BM AMI Intracoronary infusion Regenerated new myocardium and prevent remolding 35
magnetic-labeled at 2-month follow-up
MSC
Swine Allogenic adipose AMI Intracoronary infusion Increased cardioprotective and reparative mechanisms 49
tissue-derived and better cardiac magnetic resonance-measured
MSC perfusion
Abbreviations: AMI: Acute myocardial infarction; BM: Bone marrow; DCM: Dilated cardiomyopathy; MSC: Mesenchymal stem cell.

on animal models of the specific disease are still required studies found that 5 days after MI, an intracoronary
before those findings can be applied to humans. Due to injection of MSC cells into the pig heart increased LVEF
their small size, ease of handling, low maintenance, and and reduced infarct scar size. Four weeks after MI, lambs
35
low cost, small animals such as mice, rats, and rabbits were given allogeneic mesenchymal precursor cells and
are commonly employed as models for studying CVDs. demonstrated neovascularization. 34
Orlic et al. experimented on female mice with acute MI
(AMI), promoting cardiac regeneration. Transplantation 5. Clinical trials with MSC
30
of BM-derived MSCs stimulated with 5-azacytidine led to
differentiation into cells resembling cardiomyocytes and The initial clinical trial was conceived as a randomized
cardiac cells in the rabbit model of dilated cardiomyopathy study. In the prospective memory training to improve heart
(DCM). Human umbilical cord-MSCs were used to treat failure self-care (PROMETHUS) trial, autologous BM was
31
the DCM rat model, which reduced fibrosis. However, injected into kinetic myocardial regions intramyocardially.
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small changes in in vivo animal models have certain In comparison to patients who received a placebo
disadvantages. Therefore, animals such as pigs, porcupines, control, MSC-treated patients showed a lower scar mass
dogs, and sheep are used in scientific investigations. Pigs’ (−47.5 ± 8.1%, P < 0.0001) and a greater LVEF (+9.4 ± 1.7%,
33
left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) is improved by P = 0.0002). In addition, they noted logical restrictions on
intravenous injection of BM-derived MSCs. Different scar contractility, perfusion, and size. The safety of two
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Volume 2 Issue 1 (2024) 3 https://doi.org/10.36922/bh.2065