Page 36 - EJMO-9-2

Eurasian Journal of
Medicine and Oncology Gut microbiome effects on obesity

anti-inflammatory molecules similar to shikimic and first few days after delivery and can constitute up to almost
salicylic acids. It is considered one of the most important 80% of the GM composition during infancy. 253
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butyrate producers in the human gut, capable of degrading Numerous Bifidobacterial strains have been reported
inulin and producing butyrate. 240-242 Butyrate plays an to exert useful effects in different clinical conditions. The
essential role in gut health, serving as the principal energy effects of different Bifidobacterium species have been
source for colonocytes and exerting beneficial effects on the studied in diet-induced obesity (DIO) mouse models. In the
GM, ultimately contributing to overall human health. 238,241 study, four Bifidobacterial groups (B. FS31-12, B. M13-4, B.
In addition, F. prausnitzii has demonstrated beneficial L75-4, and B. L66-5) were administered to mice on HFD,
effects on the gastrointestinal health of obese patients. with only Bifidobacteria L66-5 demonstrating weight-loss
The metabolites it produces, including butyrate, have properties. Another study found that supplementation
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demonstrated good results in the treatment of obesity. 243,244 with Bifidobacterium adolescentis promoted weight loss
F. prausnitzii’s supernatant has been observed to and improved steatosis and steatohepatitis, which are
regulate T helper 17/regulatory T cells differentiation fatty liver diseases related to excess fat buildup in the
by suppressing proinflammatory pathways, including liver. These positive effects were observed in mouse
signal transducer and activator of transcription 3/IL-17 and rat models. 205,255,256 Similar findings were reported
and IL-6. This is accomplished through the targeting of in other studies. After 15 weeks of supplementation,
histone deacetylase 1. 245,246 This proinflammatory pathway Bifidobacterium longum APC1472 was shown to reduce
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is implicated in obesity. Further observations found that BW gain in mice. In addition, Bifidobacterium breve
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treatment of HDF-fed mice with F. prausnitzii reduced BR03 and B. breve B632 were associated with improvements
inflammation in adipose tissue, validating previously in metabolic parameters, decreased weight, and reduced
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reported results. 235 E. coli counts. Moreover, a reduction in visceral fat and
insulin resistance has been observed after treatment with
5.3. A. muciniphila other Bifidobacterium strains in rodent models. 257
A. muciniphila is among the bacterial species that influence 5.5. Bacteroides and Prevotella
BW. These anaerobic bacteria which contribute to mucus
layer degradation, reside within the intestinal mucosa of Bacteroides is a genus of Gram-negative, non-
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both humans and rodents. Analysis of stool microbiota spore-forming, and obligate anerobic bacteria that
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revealed a reduced concentration of A. muciniphila in obese predominantly inhabit the lower intestinal tract of
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and overweight children compared to lean children. human. Bacteroides species have been inversely
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208-210,212,213
These results were confirmed by other studies reporting correlated with BMI and play a role in preventing
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metabolic disorders, including diabetes and obesity.
an inverse correlation between this bacterium and BW Notably, they have also been it can be used as probiotics
in humans and rodents. 11,197 They have shown that A. treating metabolic disorders. 208
muciniphila abundance decreases in both obese and type 2
diabetic mice. In addition, in a group of patients on a HFD Prevotella is a Gram-negative bacterium belonging to the
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for 8 weeks, Akkermansia bacteria increased significantly. Bacteroidetes phylum. This genus is commonly associated
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A. muciniphila has been shown to reduce fat mass, BW, and with carbohydrate-rich diets, such as plant-based foods. Its
hip circumference in obese or overweight insulin-resistant fiber fermentation activity could potentially play a role in
volunteers while also improving metabolic aspects related carbohydrate metabolism. 105,260
11
to obesity and other MetSyn. 196 Prevotella and Bacteroides constitute two of the largest
Moreover, several studies suggest the potential role of bacterial groups and are among the major microbial
A. muciniphila as a therapeutic option. Research has found populations found within sheep and cattle rumens across
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that A. muciniphila treatment has the ability to alleviate multiple diet regimens. In addition, they represent two of
BW gain and reverse HFD-induced metabolic disorders, the most prevalent groups of anerobic bacteria within the
including metabolic endotoxemia, fat-mass gain, and human colon. 260,261 They play an essential role in breaking
adipose tissue inflammation. 197,249 These findings suggest down and converting food components, with Bacteroides
that Akkermansia is often associated with better weight spp. being particularly involved in metabolizing both
management and a reduced risk of obesity. 250,251 plant-derived and host-derived polysaccharides. 261
Individuals with a high P/B ratio, compared to those
5.4. Bifidobacterium
with a low (P/B) ratio, have been observed to experience
Bifidobacterial flora is among the first microbes to colonize greater reductions in both body fat and BW. This
the human GIT. Usually, colonization starts during the suggests that individuals with a high P/B ratio are more
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Volume 9 Issue 2 (2025) 28 doi: 10.36922/ejmo.8318