Page 31 - EJMO-9-2

Eurasian Journal of
Medicine and Oncology Gut microbiome effects on obesity

factors, including the analytical techniques used, sampling long-lasting alterations in this group, with an increase in
location (biopsies or stools), inflammatory state (inflamed beneficial bacteria, including Bacteroides and Akkermansia
or non-inflamed sites), disease activity, and individual muciniphila. These findings suggest that the combination
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characteristics such as age and lifestyle. 127 of FMT and LF fiber represents a safe and effective strategy
to address metabolic dysfunction and modify GM over
3.2. Fecal transplantation: Transferring features and time.
characteristics
A critical question that arises is why certain individuals
Fecal microbial transplantation (FMT) is a promising exhibit a more favorable response to FMT than others.
intervention to reshape GM, offering potential treatment Addressing this question requires an exploration of
for metabolic dysfunction and autoimmune diseases. recipient-related factors. In this regard, a study showed
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It has been investigated in various contexts, including that recipients with greater baseline microbiome diversity
MetSyn, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and obesity in and a specific microbial composition, characterized
both animal and human studies. Patients with reduced by low Prevotella levels, responded more effectively to
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GM diversity have shown a significant increase in FMT. These individuals exhibited greater improvements
microbial diversity after receiving fecal transplants from in insulin sensitivity and a higher degree of donor
lean and healthy donors. In addition, FMT has shown
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promising results in slowing the progression of chronic bacterial engraftment, including Roseburia spp. and
kidney disease and in the treatment of Parkinson’s Christensenellaceae spp. Meanwhile, other studies have
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disease. 131 reported no notable effects of FMT on human metabolism
or weight in adults with obesity. 141,142
Germ-free (GF) mice are animals derived from other
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animals that are delivered through aseptic C-section. These Bäckhed et al. highlighted some differences between
rodents remained completely devoid of microorganisms GF mice and conventional raised counterparts. The study
from birth throughout their entire lifespan. They are reported that GF mice display 42% less total body fat than
characterized by lower BW and notable variations in their conventional counterparts, despite ingesting 29%
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immune system, metabolism, and neurodevelopment. 132-134 more calories. Furthermore, when subjected to a high-
fat diet (HFD), GF mice experienced reduced weight
Animal studies have demonstrated that fat accumulation gain, offering a protection against diet-induced glucose
and insulin resistance levels can be influenced through intolerance and the onset of insulin resistance. 143-145 In
FMT. It was demonstrated that FMT can modify the GM. addition, the ability of microbiota to control the BW
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Bäckhed et al. showed that adipose tissue accumulation was stated. Through colonizing GF mice with the GM of
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occurs in GF mice when they are colonized with the GM conventionally raised mice, a subsequent increase in body
of conventional mice, leading to an increase in adipose fat content and insulin resistance was observed. This
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tissue mass, fat content, and insulin resistance levels. confirms the essential role of GM in BW regulation.
136
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In addition, Turnbaugh et al. conducted an experiment
in which GM from obese mice was transplanted into GF Furthermore, under typical conditions, mice are
mice, resulting in significant weight gain and increased fat coprophagic (i.e., consumption of feces). It has been
accumulation in the recipients. These findings confirm that illustrated that obese mice were protected from further
GM dysbiosis can lead to obesity. These results have been weight gain by consuming microbiota from lean cage
further confirmed by recent research. 138 mates. However, in the reverse scenario, where lean mice
consumed feces from obese mice, no significant weight
FMT from lean donors to individuals with severe gain was observed. Studies in human patients further
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obesity did not demonstrate any significant changes in suggest that, when combined with lifestyle interventions,
insulin resistance or other primary metabolic variables FMT can induce beneficial changes in lipid metabolism. 148
between the groups. Meanwhile, the allogenic FMT group
experienced beneficial changes in metabolic pathways, Other research has investigated the role of the gut
appetite regulation, and GM, with potential implications virome in diabetes, revealing its unexpectedly and
for low-density lipoprotein levels. 139 remarkable effects. It was found that gut virome not only
stabilizes blood glucose levels and reduces host weight
The effects of FMT combined with fiber
supplementation in obese patients with MetSyn were also but also capable of modifying the gut microbial profile
and influencing the expression of genes related to glucose
assessed. Among the four study groups, only the group metabolism, leptin signaling, and fat breakdown. 149
treated with FMT and low-fermentable (LF) fiber showed
a significant improvement in insulin sensitivity after Based on these findings, GM contributes significantly
6 weeks. The GM composition also showed favorable and to a range of physiological functions, and microbiota

Volume 9 Issue 2 (2025) 23 doi: 10.36922/ejmo.8318