Page 30 - EJMO-9-2

Eurasian Journal of
Medicine and Oncology Gut microbiome effects on obesity

cycle. On the other hand, microbiome seasonal variations caused by multiple viruses (e.g., rotavirus and norovirus)
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are widespread. It has been shown that some bacteria and bacteria (e.g., Salmonella and Escherichia coli). For
follow two distinct profiles or patterns, which have been example, rotavirus infections are more prevalent in the
detected in many regions around the world. 108 winter. However, in 2023 and 2024, the Biofire platform
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Among Ukrainian individuals, gut bacterial has registered high levels of diarrheagenic infection caused
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composition fluctuates with the seasons. Actinobacteria by E. coli or Shigella throughout the summer. This
abundance and the Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes ratio were platform has become essential for the rapid identification
higher in samples collected during summer compared of epidemics and for adapting prevention and treatment
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to other seasons. In the contrary, Bacteroidetes were less strategies accordingly.
abundant during the summer. 109 Dysbiosis of GM is an alteration in the microbial
In healthy conditions, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and composition resulting from various factors, including
Actinobacteria are the three major microbial phyla in the infections, diet, drugs, antibiotics, and small bacterial
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GM. 110,111 However, in cases of intestinal inflammation, overgrowth. Furthermore, numerous studies have
there is a notable increase in Proteobacteria, particularly validated the implication of gut dysbiosis and various
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within the Enterobacteriaceae family, accompanied by pathological conditions, such as cardiovascular disease,
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a decline in strict anerobes. A study evaluating the hypertension, cancer, and chronic kidney disease.
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impact of seasonal fluctuations in vitamin D levels on A growing body of scientific evidence supports a causal
the composition of GM among Caucasians patients with link between GM and dermatological disorders, namely
chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) found that atopic dermatitis, acne, psoriasis, and alopecia areata.
low vitamin D levels were associated with an increased Nevertheless, further efforts are required to prioritize the
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abundance of bacteria associated with inflammation, functional features of this relationship. Besides dysbiosis,
such as Proteobacteria (including Helicobacter spp.), bariatric surgery has also been shown to influence GM,
Actinobacteria, and Fusobacteria. However, it was noted leading to microbial changes that may contribute to the
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that low Vitamin D levels did not always correlate with metabolic benefits observed after surgery.
severe dysbiosis. In some ulcerative colitis samples, Meanwhile, recent research suggests that dysbiosis
an increased abundance of beneficial bacteria, such as originates from changes in the host environment. It occurs
Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, was detected, along with when the host loses the ability to control oxygen levels and
a lower abundance of Escherichia/Shigella, which is certain electron acceptors, leading to increased oxygen
commonly associated with inflammation. On the other diffusion into the colonic lumen. This promotes the growth
hand, it was demonstrated that high level of Vitamin D of facultative anerobic bacteria. Some researchers argue
in autumn and summer was associated with a decrease that modifications in GM are a consequence rather than
in bacteria linked to inflammation and an increased the primary cause of dysbiosis. 125
presence of potentially beneficial or anti-inflammatory The symbiosis between the intestinal microbiota and its
bacteria, such as Pediococcus spp., Clostridium spp., and host is critical for maintaining physiological balance and
Escherichia/Shigella spp. Another study found significant shaping host-microbe interactions. In a gnotobiotic bee
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changes in GM composition at the genus level, including model, researcher employed the mutagenesis atmospheric
an increase in Lachnospira, a genus associated with anti- and room-temperature plasma approach to induce
inflammatory effects among Vitamin D-supplemented bacterial mutations and identify those that enhance survive
individuals. However, no changes were noted in alpha in a host. Their investigation into the genetic mechanisms
diversity between the study groups, nor were there notable promoting Snodgrassella bacterial adaptation to non-native
variations in community composition between samples. 114
hosts revealed that mutations in the mglB gene, which
These findings suggest that diurnal and seasonal regulates bacterial motility through type IV pili, provided
variations could significantly influence gut microbial a competitive advantage for colonizing honeybee guts
profiles, potentially influencing the interpretation of (Apis mellifera). These findings underline the importance
microbiome analyses and making the definition of normal of bacterial mobility in symbiosis and provide new avenues
GM very challenging. 108 for investigating host-microbe interactions using novel
The seasonal oscillations of some gastrointestinal experimental paradigms. 126
pathogens are now become registrable through syndromic Based on the findings presented, it is evident that
diagnostic platforms such as Biofire Syndromic Trends by numerous variables affect microbiota composition,
Biomerieux, which is designed to rapidly detect and identify complicating the interpretation of results. The overall
infectious diseases, including gastrointestinal infections composition of the microbiota is influenced by various

Volume 9 Issue 2 (2025) 22 doi: 10.36922/ejmo.8318