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Engineering Science in
Additive Manufacturing AM-CFRP structures for EMWA properties

The homogeneity, adherence, and thickness of the presents nanoporosity and heterostructures to enhance
coatings are largely determined by the coating processes, dielectric loss and bandwidth. The hierarchical CoNC @
such as chemical vapor deposition, electrochemical CF-PLA composites stand out by integrating atomic-scale
deposition, or electroless plating. While hybrid coatings magnetic sites with 3D-printed polymer matrices, achieving
that combine conductive and magnetic materials, like deep absorption (−45 dB) through multi-scale design
FeO₄-polypyrrole multilayers, have shown synergistic (Figure 3C). In contrast, the CNT/CF and SiC hybrids
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effects for broadband absorption, a thin and uniform nickel prioritize high-frequency performance (CNTs) or thermal
coating on CFs has been demonstrated to achieve reflection stability (SiC ), demonstrating adaptability to operational
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losses below −40 dB in the Ku-band. These coated CFs can environments (Figure 3D). Comparatively, methods
be further incorporated into polymer matrices through shown in Figure 3B and C excel in broadband absorption
additive printing to create intricate, lightweight absorbers due to their porous and hierarchical architectures, whereas
with specialized electromagnetic characteristics. Figure 3 those illustrated in Figure 3A and D provide specialized
illustrates the fabrication procedure of CFs coated with solutions for magnetic or extreme-condition applications.
other materials. It highlights four distinct coating strategies The progression from simple coatings (Figure 3A) to
for CFs, each optimizing EMA through tailored material complex multi-material systems (Figure 3C) underscores a
and structural modifications. The electroless FeCoNi- broader trend toward combining multiple loss mechanisms
plated CFs introduce magnetic loss via a uniform metallic and scalable manufacturing. These innovations collectively
coating, ideal for low-frequency applications, whereas the expand the design space for CF-based absorbers, balancing
porous NC-Co3O4/CF composites (Figure 3A). Figure 3B performance, durability, and manufacturability.

A B

C D

Figure 3. Fabrication procedure of CFs coated with other materials: (A) CFs prepared by electroless FeCoNi-plating. Reproduced under the terms and
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conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license. (B) Porous NC-Co O /CF composites. Copyright © 2017 American Chemical Society.
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3
4
Reproduced with permission of the American Chemical Society. (C) CoNC CF-PLA composites with the hierarchical nanostructure. Copyright © 2022
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@
Elsevier. Reproduced with permission of Elsevier. (D) CNT/CFs and SiC fibrous materials. Copyright © 2023 Elsevier. Reproduced with permission of
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Elsevier.
Abbreviations: CF: Carbon fiber; CNT: Carbon nanotube.
Volume 1 Issue 2 (2025) 7 doi: 10.36922/ESAM025160008