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Engineering Science in
Additive Manufacturing AM-CFRP structures for EMWA properties

Table 2. Summary of electromagnetic microwave characteristics of various carbon fiber‑based materials
Type Reinforcement/ Matrix Frequency range Bandwidth of RL Minimum Thickness References
Absorber configuration (GHz) < −10 dB (GHz) RL (dB) (mm)
CF-reinforced SCF+TiO Paraffin 2 – 18 2.4 −46.3 1.0 52
2
CNF Epoxy 8.2 – 12.4 2.2 −34 2.1 53
CF Al O 8.2 – 12.4 2.2 −42.5 1.6 54
2 3
CF-coated Chopped CF GGBFS/fly ash 8.2 – 12.4 4.2 −41.63 2.0 55
CF ABS 2 – 18 6.6 −40.9 2.2 56
CF+MnO /PANI Paraffin 8.2 – 12.4 3.0 −23 2.5 57
2
CF+Ag/PANI Paraffin 8.2 – 12.4 2.2 −13.2 2.0 58
CF+MnO nanowires Paraffin 2 – 18 3.84 −42.9 1.2 59
2
CF+CuO nanowires Paraffin 2 – 18 2.5 −28.8 1.7 60
CF-based hybrid CF/FeCo CF 2 – 18 2.87 −24.05 4.0 61
CF/Fe Paraffin 2 – 18 2.9 −36.98 1.8 62
Hollow or PCFs-based CF/CoFe O Paraffin 2 – 18 6.48 −55.33 2.42 63
2 4
CNFs/Co O Paraffin 2 – 18 6.3 −36.27 2.0 48
3 4
Ceiba fibers/Fe/Fe O 4 Paraffin 2 – 18 3.26 −40.1 4.5 49
3
Abbreviations: CF: Carbon fiber; CNF: Carbon nanofiber; PANI: Polyaniline; PCF: Porous carbon fiber; RL: Reflection loss; SCF: Silica composite nanofibers.
A B C D

E F G H

I
J K

Figure 5. Recent progress on various designs on additively manufactured fiber-reinforced polymer absorbers: (A) Laminate metastructure (LM).
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Copyright © 2021 Elsevier. Reproduced with permission of Elsevier. (B) Bamboo-inspired metastructure. Copyright © 2023 Elsevier. Reproduced with
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permission of Elsevier. (C) Conical structure absorber. Copyright © 2024 Elsevier. Reproduced with permission of Elsevier. (D) Triply periodic minimal
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surface meta-structure. Copyright © 2024 Elsevier. Reproduced with permission of Elsevier. (e) Multiresonant metastructure. Copyright © 2023 Elsevier.
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Reproduced with permission of Elsevier. (F) Gradient metastructure. Copyright © 2021 Elsevier. Reproduced with permission of Elsevier. (G) Helical
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pattern metastructure. Reproduced under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license. (H) Different-sized tapered
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hyperbolic metastructure. Copyright © 2025 Nature Portfolio. Reproduced with open access of Nature Portfolio. (i) Modular metastructure. Copyright
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© 2023 Elsevier. Reproduced with permission of Elsevier. (G) Pyramidal array sandwich structure (PASS). Copyright © 2023 Elsevier. Reproduced with
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permission of Elsevier. (K) Crisscross structure. Copyright © 2025 American Association for the Advancement of Science. Reproduced with open access
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of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
Volume 1 Issue 2 (2025) 10 doi: 10.36922/ESAM025160008