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Engineering Science in
Additive Manufacturing AM-CFRP structures for EMWA properties

A B C

D E F

G H I

Figure 7. Recent designs on integrated electromagnetic microwave and load-bearing performance of recent additively manufactured microwave absorbers.
(A) Electric-loss honeycomb metastructure (ELHM). Copyright © 2023 Elsevier. Reproduced with permission of Elsevier. (B) Double high-impedance
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surface-loaded honeycomb structure. Copyright © 2025 Elsevier. Reproduced with permission of Elsevier. (C) Gradient metastructure. Copyright ©
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2021 Elsevier. Reproduced with permission of Elsevier. (D) Octagon loop with four diagonals metastructure. Copyright © 2021 Elsevier. Reproduced
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with permission of Elsevier. (E) Three-dimensional honeycomb metastructure. Copyright © 2018 Nature Portfolio. Reproduced under the terms
and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license. (F) Tree-shaped metastructure. Copyright © 2025 Elsevier. Reproduced with
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permission of Elsevier. (G) Cylindrical-shaped structure. Reproduced under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY)
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license. (H) Bamboo-inspired metastructure. Copyright © 2023 Elsevier. Reproduced with permission of Elsevier. (I) Triply periodic minimal surfaces
(TPMS)-based metastructure. Copyright © 2025 Wiley. Reproduced with permission of Wiley.
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motifs enhance both impact resistance (13.27 MPa) and of bamboo to achieve both mechanical resilience and
wideband absorption (3.2 – 40 GHz), whereas the tree- effective microwave dissipation, whereas the tree-shaped
shaped design (Figure 7F) achieves remarkable 38.8 MPa metastructure employs fractal-like branching to optimize
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bending strength through its branched architecture. stress distribution and electromagnetic wave scattering.
These designs reveal three key principles: (i) Cellular The inclusion of TPMS-based designs and cylindrical-
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and lattice geometries optimally balance mass efficiency shaped structures further highlights the importance of
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with multifunctionality; (ii) biomimetic approaches mathematically derived geometries in achieving balanced
successfully translate natural load-bearing strategies to electromagnetic and mechanical properties. These
electromagnetic applications; and (iii) gradient designs structures leverage the inherent advantages of periodic
and TPMS architectures represent particularly promising minimal surface high strength-to-weight ratios and
directions for future development, as they inherently continuous curvature to create self-supporting frameworks
satisfy both mechanical and electromagnetic requirements that simultaneously manipulate electromagnetic fields
through their optimized topologies. The progression from through their intricate surface topologies. The visual
traditional honeycombs to advanced biomimetic and progression from simple honeycomb patterns to complex
mathematical surfaces reflects an evolution toward more biomorphic forms in the image underscores the evolution
sophisticated, performance-driven designs enabled by the of design thinking in this field.
geometric design capability of the additive manufacturing Figure 8 presents recent results on electromagnetic
process. microwave and load-bearing performance of recent
Several designs draw inspiration from nature, additively manufactured microwave absorbers. The
exemplifying that biomimicry can solve complex bamboo-inspired metastructure exemplifies nature-
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engineering challenges. The bamboo-inspired informed engineering, replicating bamboo’s natural
metastructure replicates the natural fiber alignment fiber alignment to achieve structural resilience and
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Volume 1 Issue 2 (2025) 14 doi: 10.36922/ESAM025160008