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Engineering Science in
Additive Manufacturing AM-CFRP structures for EMWA properties

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Figure 9. A summary of future perspectives on electromagnetic-driven production chain approaches and applications for CFRP structure. Copyright ©
2025. Reproduced with permission of Elsevier.
Abbreviations: CF: Carbon fiber; CFRP: Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer; rCF: Residual carbon fiber.
These methods offer significant advantages over control could further enhance precision and reduce waste.
conventional thermal approaches, including reduced energy As industries prioritize decarbonization, electromagnetic-
consumption, faster processing times, and enhanced control assisted CFRP production may emerge as a key enabler of
over material properties. Microwave-based techniques, in lightweight, high-performance composites for automotive,
particular, enable selective and uniform heating of CFs, aerospace, and renewable energy applications, bridging
improving the efficiency of carbonization and curing stages the gap between sustainability and advanced material
while minimizing environmental impact. Joule heating performance.
and pyrolysis further contribute to sustainable production
by leveraging electrical currents for precise thermal Responsive materials that can dynamically adjust
management. These electromagnetic approaches align with their electromagnetic properties can be incorporated
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the growing demand for greener manufacturing practices into AM-CFRP absorbers of the next generation.
in the CFRP industry. The integration of electromagnetic- Absorbers that change their microstructure in response
driven processes into the CFRP production chain holds to external stimuli such as temperature, electric fields,
immense potential for advancing sustainable material or mechanical stress may be made possible by 4D
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manufacturing. Future research should focus on scaling printing processes that use shape-memory polymers
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these technologies for industrial adoption, optimizing or liquid crystal elastomers. The absorbers would be
energy efficiency, and exploring hybrid methods that efficient over various operating bands owing to their
combine microwave, induction, and Joule heating for versatility, enabling real-time frequency adjustment. By
tailored material properties. In addition, the development combining conductive polymers with adjustable dielectric
of smart manufacturing systems incorporating real-time characteristics, active absorption devices that adapt to
monitoring and artificial intelligence (AI)-driven process different danger frequencies may be developed. Critical
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Volume 1 Issue 2 (2025) 18 doi: 10.36922/ESAM025160008