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Engineering Science in
Additive Manufacturing AM-CFRP structures for EMWA properties

absorption components in severe environments could process. (ii) The emergence of multi-physics ML models
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extend their service life by self-healing nanocomposites that simultaneously optimize EMA, mechanical strength,
that incorporate microencapsulated conductive agents. thermal management, and other functional requirements
These nanocomposites could autonomously repair slight for truly multi-functional structures. (iii) The integration
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damage. These innovative material solutions pave the of quantum ML to handle the exponentially increasing
way to the intelligent, multifunctional electromagnetic complexity of multiscale, multimaterial composite
protection by eliminating the limitations of classic passive designs. Future systems will likely incorporate digital
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absorbers. twin technology that evolves with operational experience,
enabling CFRP structures to adapt their electromagnetic
With similar electromagnetic performance, bio-based
polymer matrices made from renewable resources may properties in response to changing environmental
conditions or mission requirements.In addition, the
eventually replace traditional petroleum-based resins. application of explainable AI techniques will provide
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CFs from end-of-life absorber components will be crucial insights into the fundamental structure-property
recovered and reprocessed using closed-loop recycling relationships, potentially revealing new design principles
technologies, which will drastically lower material costs and for microwave-absorbing materials. As these technologies
their negative environmental effects. Developments in low- mature, they will enable the creation of intelligent,
energy curing techniques, including microwave-assisted responsive CFRP structures for next-generation aerospace,
curing or photonic sintering, will reduce manufacturing’s defense, and telecommunications applications, where
carbon footprint.In addition, as sustainable substitutes for dynamic control of electromagnetic signatures becomes as
synthetic CFs, researchers could investigate the usage of essential as static absorption performance.
carbon compounds obtained from agricultural waste.
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AM-CFRP absorbers will be positioned as essential 7. Conclusion
elements in the green technology revolution thanks to
these environmentally friendly methods and design-for- This review comprehensively examines the EMWA
remanufacturing principles, which also help them comply properties of additively manufactured CFRP structures,
with the ever-tougher environmental standards in the emphasizing their design, performance, and underlying
telecom and aerospace sectors. absorption mechanisms. Electromagnetic-absorbing
materials based on nanocomposites have been extensively
Recent breakthroughs in additive manufacturing of studied due to their exceptional properties, including high
CFRP structures have demonstrated remarkable potential absorption efficiency, lightweight nature, thin matching
for EM wave absorption, particularly when enhanced by thickness, and broadband attenuation capabilities.
ML optimization. ML algorithms, including DNNs and These characteristics make them highly promising for
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GAs, are now being employed to navigate the complex next-generation EMI shielding and stealth applications.
design space of CFRP composites, optimizing parameters The fundamental principles of EMI shielding are
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such as fiber orientation, layer thickness, and nanofiller discussed, highlighting how nanostructured materials
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distribution to achieve superior microwave absorption enhance absorption through dielectric and magnetic
while maintaining structural integrity. These data-driven loss mechanisms. A critical aspect of effective EM wave
approaches have enabled the development of graded-index absorption lies in achieving optimal impedance matching,
materials and metamaterial-inspired designs that exhibit which requires a careful balance between dielectric and
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broadband absorption with reflection losses exceeding magnetic losses. Recent advancements in nanocomposites
−30 dB. Furthermore, ML has significantly reduced the have demonstrated their potential as high-performance
traditional trial-and-error development cycle, allowing microwave absorbers, offering strong attenuation, low
for rapid iteration and performance prediction of novel density, and broad frequency coverage. By strategically
composite architectures. The integration of physics- combining different nanoscale components, researchers
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informed neural networks has further improved accuracy have developed hybrid materials that synergize the
by incorporating fundamental electromagnetic theory into advantages of individual constituents, resulting in superior
the learning process, resulting in more reliable predictions absorption performance. These materials exhibit diverse
of absorption characteristics. interactions with incoming electromagnetic radiation,
Looking ahead, three key trends are poised to transform enabling tailored responses across various frequency
this field: (i) The development of autonomous self- bands.
optimizing systems combining real-time manufacturing In the context of AM-CFRP structures, this review
monitoring with adaptive ML algorithms that continuously underscores that additive manufacturing techniques
refine material designs during the additive manufacturing provide unprecedented control over microstructure

Volume 1 Issue 2 (2025) 19 doi: 10.36922/ESAM025160008