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Global Health Econ Sustain Effects of community-based activities on LTC needs

Table 3. IV‑Probit models of self‑assessed poor health
Variables People living alone People cohabitating with the other family members
Self‑assessed poor health ln (premium) Self‑assessed poor health ln (premium)
LTC insurance premium (logged) −1.228 −1.593***
(0.770) (0.568)
Gender (male=1) 0.584*** 0.124* 0.308** 0.257***
(0.171) (0.0678) (0.150) (0.0197)
Age 0.539** 0.0506 3.386** 2.363***
(0.219) (0.0546) (1.696) (0.291)
Age squared −0.00335*** −0.000426 −0.0411* −0.0297***
(0.00129) (0.000345) (0.0217) (0.00369)
Age cubed 0.000164* 0.000123***
(9.11e-05) (1.55e-05)
Body mass index (BMI) −0.00676 0.198*** 0.0389 0.103***
(0.271) (0.0501) (0.110) (0.0216)
BMI squared 0.000300 −0.00401*** −0.000579 −0.00226***
(0.00564) (0.00109) (0.00246) (0.000455)
Dummy variable for daily drinking 0.236 0.425*** 0.0476 0.109***
(0.503) (0.0665) (0.107) (0.0190)
Dummy variable for current smoking 0.236 −0.0709 −0.0679 −0.0656**
(0.341) (0.0910) (0.0965) (0.0315)
Poor mental health 0.743** 0.00595 0.754*** -0.0374*
(0.303) (0.0511) (0.260) (0.0201)
Living with younger generation 0.247** 0.151***
(0.101) (0.0169)
Constant −9.566 6.830*** −76.32* −52.15***
(13.87) (2.185) (39.22) (7.622)
Instrumental variables
Dummy variable for a former smoker 0.182*** −0.0699***
(0.0695) (0.0220)
ath rho 0.684 0.763*
(0.580) (0.443)
2
ln(σ ) −0.723*** −0.834***
(0.0268) (0.0114)
Wald test of exogeneity: Chi (1) 1.39 2.97
2
Prob > Chi 2 0.239 0.085
AR test for an endogenous variable: Chi (1) 1.26 3.08
2
Prob > Chi 2 0.262 0.079
N 697 697 3,838 3,838
Note: Standard errors in parentheses. ***p<0.01, **p<0.05, *p<0.1.

4. Discussion living alone have also reported interesting findings. In the
United States, older adults living alone are less likely to
In this study, we explored which community-based use preventive care, such as routine physical check-ups,
activities can reduce the LTC needs of older adults in than those living with their spouses (Lau & Kirby, 2009).

Japan. The previous studies focusing on elderly individuals In Australia, older adults living alone were associated

Volume 1 Issue 1 (2023) 7 https://doi.org/10.36922/ghes.0891