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Global Health Econ Sustain Non-communicable diseases household survey

environmental, and behavioral factors (World Health and national boundaries (Asadi-Pooya et al., 2023). It is
Organization [WHO]). The four main categories of NCDs recognized as a spectrum of heterogeneous syndromes that
encompass cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), cancers (CAs), affect individuals worldwide, with a significant proportion
chronic respiratory diseases (COPDs), and DM. In 2016, of of those living with epilepsy residing in developing countries
the 56.9 million global deaths, 40.5 million, or 71%, were (Sharma et al., 2021). Mental disorders (MD) represent a
attributed to NCDs (WHO, 2018). Significantly, NCDs major global health concern, with conditions like depression
exhibit a disproportionate impact on low- and middle- alone affecting 4.4% of the global population (Sagar et al.,
income countries, where they account for more than three- 2017). Alarmingly, many individuals grappling with MD lack
quarters of NCD-related deaths, totaling 32 million lives access to appropriate treatment and care, particularly in low-
(WHO). Recent projections from the WHO suggest that income countries with limited resources (Sagar et al., 2017).
by 2020, NCDs will contribute to 80 % of the global burden Given the current rate of progress, it is unlikely that
of disease. This alarming statistic predicts that seven out the world will achieve the Sustainable Development Goal
of every 10 deaths in developing countries will be due to Target 3.4, which aims to reduce premature mortality
NCDs, with half of these fatalities transpiring before the from NCDs by one-third by 2030 through prevention,
age of 70 years (Ndubuisi, 2021). treatment, and the promotion of mental health and well-
The Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) is recognized being (WHO, 2018).
for having one of the highest prevalence rates (PRs) of NCDs This study aims to estimate the burden of the five
worldwide (Slama et al., 2018). In 2012, NCDs accounted main NCDs: hypertension (HTN), DM, BA, epilepsy,
for over 2.2 million fatalities in 2012, constituting more and MD. This estimation is based on the analysis of data
than 57% of all deaths (WHO, 2018). Disturbingly, future collected during an immunization campaign conducted
projections point to a significant surge in the prevalence in 2017, utilizing a specially designed questionnaire for
of NCDs. The four main NCDs could result in as many as this purpose. In addition, this study encompasses several
2.4 million deaths in 2025 unless concerted action is taken objectives, which are as follows:
(WHO, 2018). Notably, low- and middle-income countries (i) Describe the epidemiology of NCDs in Sana’a City
bear the weight of this NCD burden, accounting for 80% for 2017 by examining demographic, temporal,
of these cases (WHO, 2018). Moreover, in low-income and geographical aspects.
countries, up to 50% of NCD-related deaths occur before (ii) Determine the prevalence of NCDs in Sana’a City
the age of 60, compared to <10% in high-income countries for 2017.
(13%) (Neyazi et al., 2023).
(iii) Provide evidence-based recommendations to
In 2016, the leading causes of NCD deaths were CVDs assist decision-makers in planning appropriate
(17.9 million deaths, or 44% of all NCD deaths), followed interventions to address NCDs.
by CAs (9.0 million, or 22% of all NCD deaths), and 2. Methodology
respiratory diseases, which encompass conditions such
as bronchial asthma (BAs) and COPDs (3.8 million, or 2.1. Study setting
9% of all NCD deaths) (WHO, 2018). DM was another Sana’a City (Amanat Al Asimah) comprises ten districts:
significant factor, causing 1.6 million deaths (WHO, Old City, Shu’aub, Az’zal, Assafi’yah, As Sabain, Al Wahdah,
2018). The global prevalence of DM for all age groups At Tahrir, Ma’ain, Ath’thaorah, and Bani Al Harith. The
was estimated to be 4.8% in 2014. Projections indicate a total number of households surveyed was 241,310, and the
substantial increase in the number of people affected by population of Sana’a City in the 2017 census was 2,948,472.
DM, expected to rise from 422 million to 642 million
worldwide by 2040 (Mirzaei et al., 2020). BA is another 2.2. Data source
prominent NCD, affecting an estimated 300 million people The Sana’a City 2017 National NCDs Household Survey
globally, with its prevalence on the rise each year (Ding was conducted by the Ministry of Public Health and
& Zhong, 2020). The global prevalence of clinical BA (or Population (MoPHP), and the data were collected on
treated BA) stands at 4.5%, while within the EMR, it is paper-based forms. During the survey, household heads
notably lower at 2.99% (To et al., 2012, To et al., 2021). This were asked if any household member had one of the
condition significantly contributes to disability, increased following five NCDs: HTN, DM, BA, MD, and epilepsy.
health resource utilization, and poor quality of life on a Data on age and gender were also collected for each patient
global scale (To et al., 2021). with one of the mentioned five NCDs. In this study, the raw
Epilepsy stands as one of the most prevalent neurological data were obtained with permission from the Directorate
conditions, transcending age, racial, social class, geographic, of Health Statistics at MoPHP.

Volume 1 Issue 2 (2023) 2 https://doi.org/10.36922/ghes.1191