Page 112 - GHES-2-1

Global Health Econ Sustain Distress in Spanish women through COVID-19

Table 5. Hierarchical regression results for well‑being during the four study periods
Model and predictors Lockdown (first wave) Second wave February–April, 2022 October 2022–
(n=813) (n=1370) (n=570) February, 2023
(n=1108)
β R 2 ΔR 2 β R 2 ΔR 2 β R 2 ΔR 2 β R 2 ΔR 2
Model 1 0.04 0.04*** 0.03 0.03*** 0.04 0.04*** 0.06 0.06***
Age 0.18** −0.10* 0.18* 0.20***
Number of children −0.06 0.13** −0.04 −0.02
Education 0.03 0.01 0.14** 0.09**
Employed 0.12* 0.04 0.11 0.20***
Student 0.07 0.12** 0.16* 0.22***
Married/partnered 0.11** 0.11*** 0.10* 0.09**
Model 2 0.15 0.11*** 0.12 0.09*** 0.13 0.09*** 0.16 0.10***
Age 0.12* −0.18*** 0.12 0.11*
Number of children −0.04 0.14*** −0.01 0.01
Education 0.03 0.00 0.09* 0.07*
Employed 0.06 −0.01 0.04 0.14**
Student 0.01 0.06 0.09 0.12*
Married/partnered 0.11** 0.11*** 0.08 0.08**
Number of stressful events −0.33*** −0.31*** −0.31*** −0.32***
Model 3 0.58 0.43*** 0.56 0.44*** 0.65 0.52*** 0.63 0.47***
Age 0.04 −0.15*** −0.02 0.03
Number of children −0.03 0.09 0.04 0.01
Education 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02
Employed 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.08**
Student 0.02 0.06 0.05 0.11**
Married/partnered 0.02 0.04 0.02 0.02
Number of stressful events −0.15*** −0.16*** −0.12*** −0.10***
Self-esteem 0.56*** 0.54*** 0.65*** 0.63***
Emotional support 0.21*** 0.23** 0.23*** 0.14***
Instrumental support 0.04 0.05 −0.01 0.09**
Model 4 0.68 0.02*** 0.65 0.02***
Age −0.02 0.01
Number of children 0.03 0.02
Education −0.01 0.02
Employed 0.00 0.08**
Student 0.06 0.11**
Married/partnered 0.02 0.02
Number of stressful events −0.11*** −0.10***
Self-esteem 0.58*** 0.57***
Emotional support 0.18*** 0.14***
Instrumental support 0.04 0.08*
Resilience 0.17*** 0.16***
Notes: β: Standardized coefficient. *p<0.05. **p<0.01. ***p<0.001.

results are consistent with research from other countries women compared to men (Daly & Robinson, 2021, 2022;
indicating higher rates of psychological distress among Xiong et al., 2020).

Volume 2 Issue 1 (2024) 9 https://doi.org/10.36922/ghes.2255