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Global Health Econ Sustain Distress in Spanish women through COVID-19

Table 4. Hierarchical regression results for psychological distress during the four study periods
Model and predictors Lockdown (first wave) Second wave February–April, 2022 October 2022–
(n=813) (n=1370) (n=568) February 2023
(n=1114)
β R 2 ΔR 2 β R 2 ΔR 2 β R 2 ΔR 2 β R 2 ΔR 2
Model 1 0.07 0.07*** 0.02 0.02*** 0.02 0.02* 0.05 0.05***
Age −0.22*** −0.06 −0.15* −0.25***
Number of children 0.15** −0.06 0.08 0.01
Education 0.04 0.11*** −0.07 −0.09**
Employed −0.10* −0.08 −0.04 −0.11*
Student 0.05 -0.05 0.03 −0.15**
Married/partnered −0.10** −0.02 0.02 −0.02
Model 2 0.20 0.13*** 0.15 0.13*** 0.16 0.14*** 0.16 0.11***
Age −0.15** 0.03 −0.07 −0.15**
Number of children 0.13** −0.08* 0.04 −0.01
Education 0.04 0.12*** −0.02 −0.06*
Employed −0.04 −0.02 0.04 −0.04
Student 0.12* 0.02 0.11 −0.05
Married/partnered −0.10** −0.02 0.05 0.00
Number of stressful events 0.36*** 0.37*** 0.38*** 0.34***
Model 3 0.41 0.21*** 0.39 0.23*** 0.45 0.29*** 0.46 0.30***
Age -0.08 0.03 0.06 −0.07
Number of children 0.12** −0.04 0.01 −0.01
Education 0.05 0.12*** 0.05 −0.03
Employed −0.01 −0.02 0.08 0.00
Student 0.11* 0.02 0.14* −0.04
Married/partnered −0.04 0.03 0.08* 0.03
Number of stressful events 0.25*** 0.26*** 0.26*** 0.18***
Self-esteem −0.43*** −0.45*** −0.55*** −0.54***
Emotional support −0.15** −0.08* −0.07 −0.08*
Instrumental support 0.04 −0.03 0.02 −0.02
Model 4 0.47 0.02*** 0.49 0.03***
Age 0.06 −0.04
Number of children 0.02 −0.02
Education 0.06 −0.03
Employed 0.08 0.01
Student 0.13* −0.04
Married/partnered 0.07* 0.03
Number of stressful events 0.25*** 0.17***
Self-esteem −0.48*** −0.47***
Emotional support −0.02 −0.09*
Instrumental support −0.02 0.00
Resilience −0.18*** −0.20***
Notes: β=Standardized coefficient. *p<0.05. **p<0.01. ***p<0.001.

and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain, the first wave (Matud, Zueco et al., 2023) and 49.5% during
where the percentage was found to be almost 40% during the second wave (Matud, Del Pino et al., 2023). These

Volume 2 Issue 1 (2024) 8 https://doi.org/10.36922/ghes.2255