Page 28 - GHES-2-1

Global Health Econ Sustain Global South: Healthier lives with UVC

Table 1. Performance of UVC LEDs against waterborne pathogens common in the Global South
Microorganisms Description Wavelength Fluence Log % Sources
(nm) (mJ/cm ) reduction reduction
2
Bacteria
Escherichia coli Causes gastrointestinal infections and is an 265 8.3 – 10.8 4 99.99 Oguma et al., 2013;
indicator of fecal contamination in water Song et al., 2019
267 12 – 15 4 99.99 Nyangaresi et al.,
2018; 2020
275 12 – 15 4 99.99 Nyangaresi et al.,
2020; Pousty et al.,
2021
280 13.8 4 99.99 Oguma et al., 2013
Vibrio cholerae Causes cholera, a severe diarrheal disease LP at 254 2.8 4 99.99 Wilson et al., 1992
with the potential for outbreaks in areas with 268 60 mW <3 <99.9 Mariita et al., 2021
inadequate sanitation and clean water and 55 s
Salmonella spp. Causes salmonellosis, leading to symptoms like LP at 254 7.4 4 99.99 Busse et al., 2019
diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps
Shigella spp. Causes shigellosis, a type of dysentery LP at 254 2.5 4 99.99 Wang et al., 2011
characterized by bloody diarrhea and severe
abdominal pain.
Campylobacter jejuni Causes campylobacteriosis, leading to symptoms LP at 254 2.1 4 99.99 Butler et al., 1987
like diarrhea, fever, and stomach cramps 280 476 4 99.99 Soro et al., 2021
Burkholderia Causes melioidosis, which can be contracted from LP at 254 5.7 – 7.4 4 99.99 Rose & O’Connell,
pseudomallei contaminated water or soil in specific regions 2009
Viruses
Rotavirus A leading cause of severe diarrhea in children, LP at 254 30 3 99.9 Li et al., 2009
especially in areas with poor sanitation and LP at 254 40 4 99.99 Hu et al., 2012
hygiene
Norovirus Responsible for outbreaks of gastroenteritis, LP at 254 27 4 99.99 Lee et al., 2008; Park
leading to symptoms like vomiting, diarrhea, and et al., 2011
stomach cramps 268 22.5 <3 <99.9 Mariita et al (2022b)

Adenovirus Can cause gastroenteritis, respiratory infections, 260 122 4 99.99 Beck et al., 2017
and conjunctivitis, and is transmitted through 280 89 4 99.99 Beck et al., 2017
contaminated water
285 126 3 99.9 Oguma et al., 2016
Hepatitis A virus Causes hepatitis A, a viral infection that affects LP at 254 16 4 99.99 Battigelli et al., 1993
(HAV) the liver and is often transmitted through
contaminated water or food
2
Hepatitis E virus Causes hepatitis E, a liver disease often LP at 254 64.98 (J/m ) 1 90 Guerrero-Latorre
(HEV) associated with contaminated water in et al., 2016
developing regions
Parasites
Giardia lamblia Causes giardiasis, leading to symptoms like LP at 254 20 3 99.9 Campbell & Wallis,
diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and nausea 2002
Cryptosporidium Causes cryptosporidiosis, a disease characterized LP at 254 2.2 3 99.9 Oguma et al., 2001
parvum by watery diarrhea that can be severe in Laser 254 nm 2.8 4 99.99 Beck et al., 2015
immunocompromised individuals
Schistosoma spp. Causes schistosomiasis (also known as bilharzia), LP at 254 300 <0.5 - Hazell et al., 2021
a disease transmitted through contaminated 255 300 0.7 - Hazell et al., 2021
freshwater, leading to various symptoms
depending on the species involved 265 300 1.5 - Hazell et al., 2021
285 300 0.75 - Hazell et al., 2021
Abbreviation: LP: Low pressure.

Volume 2 Issue 1 (2024) 8 https://doi.org/10.36922/ghes.1984