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Global Health Econ Sustain Quantum Data Lake for epidemic analysis

Notably, in a study by Upham et al. (2021), the problem
of disconnected data about viruses was raised. The authors
emphasized that there was accumulating information
particularly related to host-virus interaction, but the
taxonomic data remained “dark” and very scattered,
thereby being of no significant value. Data can be valuable
for epidemic forecasting and control, provided that the
different data flows are interconnected on a massive
scale. Massad et al. (2003) asserted that the problem
of uncertainty is the most critical in epidemiology and
medicine; the authors divided uncertainty in epidemiology
into two types: Stochasticity and lack of knowledge.
According to viral infections, a single symptom may appear
in the presence of a very wide range of viruses and may be
presented across different diseases. Uncertainty is evident
through the presentation of the opposing health and disease
Figure 2. The complex interaction in the triple nexus system states. For example, the asymptomatic presence of a virus
(i.e., environmental, social, and immune aspects) affecting the circulation or several different viruses could result in an unclear health
of viruses. state despite the risk of disease progression. Therefore, it is
necessary to formulate a solution to uncertainty, such as
2011). The algorithm “Uniform Manifold Approximation further validation with laboratory methods to confirm that
and Projection” was created based on Riemannian the manifested symptoms are related to a viral infection.
geometry and used for reconstructing COVID-19
pandemic propagation with WHO data on the confirmed Pomorski (2020) investigated the quantum essence of
cases and deaths globally (McInnes et al., 2020). epidemic uncertainty, originating from a superposition
of health states. The codependence of two probabilities
The presented DNA virus ontology indicated data of health states and disease corresponds to a scattering
uncertainty, multidimensionality, and disconnection matrix. Pomorski discussed the infection propagation
in terms of dispersion across data sources, variety and using the quantum tight-binding model. Considering
similarity of symptoms, the possibility of coinfection with multidimensionality and uncertainty, Alzeley (2019)
different combinations of viruses, as well as an infinite emphasized the advantages of using quantum probability
number of influencing factors on infection outcome (e.g., tools for epidemic modeling, of which one of the variants
different periods of epidemics occurrence and geographic is a quantum random walk. Tchapet Njafa & Nana Engo
differences), thereby affirming the preferential use of the (2018) presented the model of Quantum Associative
quantum approach for data exposition, creation of value, Memory for four tropical diseases (malaria, typhoid fever,
and modeling. The most sophisticated space corresponding yellow fever, and dengue) to diagnose a single infection or a
to multidimensionality and uncertainty is the Hilbert combined polyinfection. The authors interpreted the model
space. Quantum solutions are complicated by reliance in favor of quantum computing based on the main quantum
on superposition, entanglement, parallelism, quantum
random walk, quantum tight-binding, and quantum neural properties: Quantum superposition, entanglement, and
networks, considering the uncertainty, multidimensionality, quantum parallelism. The Quantum Associative Memory
and data disconnection. In this regard, the quantum model comprises 14 qubits and can distinguish a single
infection from a coinfection without a laboratory facility.
approach can prospectively transform data into value,
taking into account several key parameters (i.e., time, León & Pozo (2007) developed a model based on
energy, and symmetry) in epidemic data presentation. a quantum algorithm to predict the spread of human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections. Each individual
3.2. Related works was represented by a qubit, where an infected individual is

In this section, we elucidate the transition to adopting represented by state |1⟩ and a non-infected individual is
quantum approaches in response to the aforementioned represented by state |0⟩. In an uncertain situation, where
problems of uncertainty, multidimensionality, and data an individual is not aware of the infection condition, the
disconnection within the field of epidemiology. The individual is considered a superposition. The authors used
respective authors derived the use of quantum approaches the Toffoli quantum gate to compute possible interactions
in the same way as we derived them. among individuals. The evolution of the epidemic was

Volume 2 Issue 1 (2024) 18 https://doi.org/10.36922/ghes.2148