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Global Health Econ Sustain Quantum Data Lake for epidemic analysis

3.5. The Quantum Data Lake and quantum tools large number of interconnected ion traps. Despite the

3.5.1. Quantum database and quantum memory high-fidelity control demonstrated in small trapped ions
systems, scaling up to larger architecture represents a
Information on the families, subfamilies, genera, and serious challenge (Marinescu & Marinescu, 2012; Monroe
species of viruses can be computed using a large number et al., 2014). A promising large-scale approach is optical
of qubits. Quantum computing depends on a quantum continuous-variable quantum computation with optical
database, which is composed of qubits. This is an emerging Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill qubits that can ensure robust
cutting-edge topic related to breaking the physical limit storage and fault tolerance (Fukui & Takeda, 2022;
of storage time (quantum memory), i.e., the limit of a Gottesman et al., 2001). Several conducted experiments
qubit’s coherence time. Where the quantum information is aimed to attain extended storage times and high efficiencies,
stored depends on the type of hardware platforms: energy such as the use of satellites for global entanglement or the
eigenstates of Josephson junction-based electronic resonant creation of multimode memory (i.e., Markovian behavior
circuits for superconducting qubits; spin states of electrons of the system for long time-scale computation with each
or holes confined in electrostatic potential for gate- updated gate operation) (Boone et al., 2015; Brennen et al.,
defined quantum dots; electronic orbital and spin states 2015; Nakahara & Ohmi, 2008). In addition, a scalable
for color centers; electronic transitions within individual quantum physical system is an important criterion for
atomic ions for ion traps; non-Abelian topological phase quantum computers (DiVincenzo, 2000; Le Bellac, 2006).
for Majorana zero modes (De Leon et al., 2021); gradient There are several attempts to construct quantum random
echo memory for optical quantum memory; mapping access memory (QRAM) with memory cells, but there
optical quantum states onto the hyperfine states of rare is no robust practical RAM equivalent that can generate
earth ions in crystals; trapped-ion – photon states pair; the needed quantum superposition state for a quantum
other types of optical quantum memory (Cho et al., 2016; computer (Giovannetti et al., 2008; Green & Kaplitz, 2019;
Drmota et al., 2023; Hosseini et al., 2011; Jiang et al., 2023; Hann, 2021; National Academies of Sciences, Engineering,
Lvovsky et al., 2009; Ma et al., 2021; Rieffel and Polak, and Medicine, 2019). QRAM can act as a link between the
2014; Shinbrough & Lorenz, 2023; Zhong et al., 2015); classical and quantum levels in computation. In general,
nuclear spins for photoionization and nuclear magnetic data can be loaded simultaneously in superposition.
resonance (Steger et al., 2012); etc. Long coherence time is Therefore, QRAM requires a multiqubit system to scale
associated with neutral atoms, spin systems, and nitrogen- linearly in proportion to the size of the loaded data (Hann,
vacancy color centers in diamonds (Wintersperger et 2021). For example, the quantum spin liquid approach is
al., 2023; World Economic Forum, 2022). The achieved a robust fault-tolerant multiqubit system with increasing
quantum storage time varies from microseconds to hours scientific interest in terms of quantum data storage and
(for optical quantum systems). The quantum memory- memory (Savary & Balents, 2017; Tokiwa et al., 2018).
memory entanglement from 12.5 km to 50 km apart has
been experimentally evaluated via long-distance photon 3.5.2. Quantum Query Language
transmission (Luo et al., 2022; Yu et al., 2020). In contradistinction to Structured Query Language (SQL)
Quantum computers have some significant constraints, for relational databases and NoSQL for unstructured big
one of which is related to memory. In addition to a data, Quantum Query Language (QQL) was proposed
short memory period, there is a no-cloning principle, by Schmitt (2008) for quantum databases. Schmitt
i.e., the impossibility of making a copy of the quantum utilized QQL to establish mathematical formalism and
system. Therefore, researchers would particularly focus correspondences between quantum logic and querying.
on increasing the coherence time for computing large The quantum database records or superposed tuples
amounts of data input as the advancement of computing (different columns for the same row) are represented by
performance is motivated by increasing demands for big vector space in the quantum system. The unit vector is
data processing. To manage large data inputs, developers the database object, the state vector is the database tuple,
would scale up the quantum technology. For example, in the projector/vector space is the query, the quantum
2022, International Business Machines (IBM) presented measurement is the query processing, and probability
the Osprey processor with 433 superconducting qubits. values are the truth values. QQL depends on probability
Furthermore, IBM aims to create the next-generation amplitude amplification. The measurement will cause the
“Kookaburra” quantum processor with more than 4,000 database to collapse on only one of its tuples.
qubits by 2025 (https://newsroom.ibm.com). In 2002, The most common queries are SELECT, INSERT,
Kielpinski et al. (2002) proposed the quantum charge- UPDATE, DELETE, BACKUP, and RESTORE. Grover’s
coupled device (QCCD) architecture consisting of a algorithm allows searching and implements the SELECT

Volume 2 Issue 1 (2024) 24 https://doi.org/10.36922/ghes.2148