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Global Health Econ Sustain Quantum Data Lake for epidemic analysis

statement (to retrieve any required information from systems are entangled with the ancilla qubits in the
a database according to the users’ criteria), thereby quantum circuit. Furthermore, Zhang et al. (2021) inferred
increasing the amplitude of the similar joined components that a non-Hermitian unit includes the unitary operator U,
(Grover, 1997; Grover, 2005). Grover’s algorithm searches Pauli rotation operator Rx (θ), and controlled rotation
through the database using parallelism, i.e., acting on the operator CRx (θ). Dogra et al. (2021) demonstrated the
register in a superposition of states of each element at one violation of the entanglement monotonicity for multiqubit
time. Grover’s algorithm applies to the Hadamard gate systems. Entanglement can be increased with the local
(Hadamard transformation), which performs rotation of PT-symmetric operation (Chen et al., 2014). Fang et al.
every qubit and sets up an equal superposition of each of (2021) studied the scale-free formation of numerous
the database elements. The partial diffusion operator D is exceptional points related to the scale-free distribution of
p
used for searching by alternating inversion about the mean critical gain/loss intensities. The Quantum Data Lake
in a subspace of the system to resist the deamplification layers with Robson semantic triples, QRAM, and gates are
behavior of a quantum system. The INSERT statement illustrated in Figure 5.
(inserting one or more records into the database) can
be implemented using a controlled Hadamard gate. The 3.5.4. Quantum tools and “quantum ribosome”
UPDATE statement (updating a set of records) can be The proposed Quantum Data Lake brings together all the
performed using a CNOT gate. The DELETE statement benefits and capabilities of quantum data processing into
(deleting records from the database) can be made by the a framework. The Quantum Data Lake concept and the
Grover operator. The BACKUP (backing up a required corresponding quantum entangled data are illustrated in
portion of a database) and RESTORE (restoring a Figure 6. At the stage of quantum computing development,
backup) statements require a key qubit, oracle, and partial it is necessary to rely on the best practices in big data
diffusion operator D (Cockshott, 1997; Figgatt et al., 2017; processing, including the concept of a classical Data Lake.
p
Gueddana et al., 2010; Hamouda et al., 2016; Younes, 2007; The Quantum Data Lake architecture consists of several
Younes et al., 2008). layers and works with raw big data, applying different
3.5.3. Non-Hermitian gates quantum operators and gates. Information about quantum
operators and gates can be found in multiple sources:
In addition to the special circuits designed for non- Microsoft (https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/
Hermiticity, it is necessary to mention the distribution of quantum/); IBM (https://quantum-computing.ibm.com);
non-Hermiticity among the commonly used gates. Most of Qiskit (https://qiskit.org), etc.
the used quantum gates, such as Hadamard, Pauli, CNOT
(Feynman), CCNOT (Toffoli), SWAP, and controlled Quantum tools should theoretically be able to build
SWAP (Fredkin), are self-inverse (implying Hermiticity for models for solving specific applied tasks. From our
unitary operations) and reversible (equal number of inputs point of view, this layer (i.e., Quantum tools, Figure 6)
and outputs, such that the outputs can be determined should include the following: reshaping operations as
using the inputs, which can be recovered from the outputs) matricization, vectorization, and tensorization; MPS with
(Pathak, 2013; Samrin et al., 2022). However, Pathak entanglement and teleportation; generalization to the
(2013) argued that most quantum gates are non-self- tensor networks PEPS and MERA; and the ability to use
inverse, i.e., non-Hermitian in nature. The possibility of fundamental symmetry properties (PT-symmetry). Tensor
non-Hermiticity increases with the dimension of quantum networks are used to simulate entangled quantum systems,
gates, i.e., from more than half of cases for 2-qubit quantum representing themselves as both quantum states and
gates to a very high possibility for 4-qubit quantum gates. quantum circuits. Tensor networks efficiently represent
quantum many-body states. MPS is a one-dimensional
Rasmussen & Zinner (2020) summarized the common tensor network ansatz with entanglement in quantum
non-Hermitian quantum gates (i.e., phase shift, Rφ; the many-body systems. MPS encodes the coefficients of the
square root of not, NOT ; imaginary swap, iSWAP; wave function |ψ⟩ in a product of matrices. PEPS is the
square root of swap, SWAP ; Ising XX coupling; Ising YY generalization of MPS; the tensors of PEPS are located in a
coupling; Ising ZZ coupling; Deutsch D ; and multiqubit two-dimensional form. MERA is a layered tensor network
θ
controlled-iSWAP non-Hermitian gate) and proposed a that allows for studying hierarchical systems, simulating
quantum circuit for probabilistic exponentiating non- time evolution, implementing reversible coarse-graining
Hermitian quantum gates. Zhang et al. (2021) proposed a transformation, and efficiently evaluating the expected
quantum circuit that can design non-Hermiticity because value of local observables (Cirac et al., 2017; Cirac et al.,
the non-Hermiticity of physical systems is generated from 2021; Evenbly & Vidal, 2009; Evenbly, 2022; Montangero,
the entanglement with the environments. The qubit 2018; Orús, 2014; Orús, 2019; Pérez-García et al., 2008;

Volume 2 Issue 1 (2024) 25 https://doi.org/10.36922/ghes.2148