Page 26 - GHES-3-1

Global Health Economics and
Sustainability
Peace and quality health is entrepreneurship

narrow the focus. FIFA World Cup’s dominant winners 2.1. Statistical analysis
often had peaceful and healthy training environments, The literature retrieved for the current study was managed
fostering players capable of defending, striking, and and stored using Microsoft Office 2021 (Microsoft
scoring goals (Fifa.com, 2022) (Table 1).
Corporation, US). Some images and figures were created
using Microsoft PowerPoint, captured through screenshots,
Table 1. Several tests and their reference ranges for screening and used in the analysis (Figures 2 and 3). Statistical
or confirming sports‑accidental infections during a periodic analyses, such as the number of references retrieved from
health evaluation each database, were conducted using Microsoft Excel 2021.

Test Normal reference ranges Data were primarily presented in tables and figures.
Hematology 3. Results presentation and analysis
Full blood count Parameter dependent
Ferritin 26 – 388 ug/L The main aim of the current study was to review the literature
on the linkage between sports-accidental infections and
C-reactive protein <9.1 mg/L global peace, quality health, and entrepreneurship –
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate focusing on microbiology and sports lessons. Three specific
Males<50 years old ≤15 mm/h objectives were used to provide detailed information to
Males>50 years old ≤20 mm/h help readers understand this linkage.
Females<50 years old ≤20 mm/h A total of 330 references were initially reviewed, of
Females>50 years old ≤30 mm/h which over half, specifically 248, were journal articles.
Children ≤10 mm/h This was followed by 46 references retrieved from news
Serology websites, including six WHO websites, four blog posts,
Hepatitis B Non-reactive or reactive and one magazine. Eighteen book references were used,
Hepatitis C Non-reactive or reactive including one quote from the Holy Bible (Table 2).
Human immunodeficiency virus Non-reactive or reactive The references were refined to 202 articles. Of these,
Venereal disease research laboratory Non-reactive or reactive over half – 168 – were journal articles. This was followed
Renal function by 20 references from news websites, including three from
Renal function tests Parameter dependent WHO websites. Fourteen book references were included,
with one being from a WHO website.
Urinalysis Negative or positive
Creatinine 71 – 115 umol/L 3.1. Identifying the most common sports-accidental
Cardiovascular infections
Fasting lipid profile Collaborative efforts among health professionals and
Total cholesterol <5.2 mmol/L other disciplines are highly beneficial, but infectious
Triglycerides <1.7 mmol/L diseases remain among the leading causes of morbidity.
High-density lipoprotein 1.04 – 1.55 mmol/L Environmental interactions, especially zoonotic infections
Low-density lipoprotein <2.60 mmol/L from pets (Day, 2016; Rijks et al., 2016), have contributed
Fasting blood sugar 4.1 – 5.9 mmol/L to the increased spread of infectious diseases (Baker et al.,
2022; Kalinda & Temfack, 2023; Okoroiwu et al., 2020).
Bone/muscle function This situation is aggravated by global climate change
Vitamin D Severe deficiency: <10 ng/mL (Mahmud et al., 2020). Sporting activities are one avenue
Deficiency: 10 – 20 ng/mL through which humans interact with their environment
Insufficiency: 20 – 30 ng/mL and become infected (DeNizio & Hewitt, 2019; Olocha,
Sufficiency: >30 ng/mL 2022; Yan et al., 2022). The most common sports-accidental
Calcium 2.12 – 2.52 mmol/L infections and the ways athletes contracted these infections
Alkaline phosphatase 50 – 136 U/L are illustrated in Figure 4.
Systemic infections The most common infections among athletes are skin
Blood culture Bacteria type or no bacterial infections and upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs),
growth such as COVID-19 or influenza (Lin & Decker, 2010;
Source: Adapted from Bakken et al. (2016), Nehring et al. (2023), O’Connor, 2018; Valtonen et al., 2021; Yan et al., 2022)
Papavarnavas et al. (2022), and Tishkowski & Gupta (2023). (Figure 4). Approximately 69.8% of these infections affect

Volume 3 Issue 1 (2025) 18 https://doi.org/10.36922/ghes.2904