Page 28 - GHES-3-1

Global Health Economics and
Sustainability
Peace and quality health is entrepreneurship

Table 2. Literature on laboratory diagnosis of infections (including sports‑accidental infections)
Study title Information Author (s)/Year
Role of serum calcium levels as a biomarker for Patients with dengue fever often have low calcium levels Remya et al., 2024
dengue severity and prognosis: Insights from a (hypocalcemia). Calcium levels are associated with many
cross-sectional analytic study infections.
Serum calcium and magnesium levels in patients Changes in calcium levels occur in most infections, Reștea et al., 2024
with type 2 diabetes and COVID-19 infection notably severe dengue. Low total cholesterol, low-density
requiring hospitalization – correlations with various lipoprotein, and high-density lipoprotein are observed in
parameters COVID-19 cases.
Biological significance of CRP, the ancient acute CRP is biologically essential, primarily produced in Bhattacharya & Munshi, 2023
phase functionary the liver of vertebrates but found in various tissues of
invertebrates.
CRP CRP was discovered in 1930 by Tillett and Francis Nehring et al., 2023
as a substance in the serum of patients with acute
inflammation that reacts with the “C” carbohydrate
antigen of the pneumococcus capsule.
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate The erythrocyte sedimentation rate is not highly specific, Tishkowski & Gupta, 2023
but red blood cell levels are generally low in infections,
cancer, or autoimmune conditions.
CRP as a marker of inflammation in children and This study examines the association between metabolic Podeanu et al., 2023
adolescents with metabolic syndrome: A systematic syndrome in children and the inflammatory response,
review and meta-analysis using CRP as a marker.
Correlation between high-sensitivity CRP (Hs-CRP) This study investigates the correlation between Widasari et al., 2023
and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) with Hs-CRP and NLR with functional capacity
functional capacity in post-COVID-19-syndrome (VO max) in post-COVID-19 syndrome patients
2
patients undergoing moderate- and high-intensity supervised
cardiopulmonary exercise.
Study of correlation of serum calcium level with Low calcium levels are observed in nearly 80% of dengue Kumar et al., 2022.
disease severity in dengue patients cases, especially in severe cases, facilitating dengue virus
attachment to monocytes, macrophages, T cells, and B
cells.
Diagnostic value of CRP levels in postoperative This study discusses the role of CRP levels in assessing Lee et al., 2019
infectious complications after bariatric surgery: A the risk of postoperative infectious complications, such
systematic review and meta-analysis as anastomotic leaks and intra-abdominal abscesses,
following bariatric surgery.
Abbreviation: CRP: C-reactive protein.

et al., 2023) and neurogenerative diseases (Ueda et al., Many heart and mental health conditions are triggered by
2023) or psychological problems (Kader et al., 2023; Parr pathogens that infect injured athletes, contributing to suicides
et al., 2023) are becoming increasingly common among in this population (Costanza et al., 2021; Pichler et al., 2023;
athletes. These conditions are now recognized as leading Sun et al., 2020). These problems, along with associated
causes of death in athletes. Numerous cases of heart failure suicidal ideations, are particularly common among male
have been reported, resulting in the deaths of some athletes footballers (Rao et al., 2015), though other athletes, especially
on the field (D’Ascenzi et al., 2022; Farzam et al., 2023; Han those in high-contact sports such as boxing and ice hockey, are
et al., 2023; Wasfy et al., 2016). also at significant risk (Costanza et al., 2021). These findings
Pathogens are known to cause both heart and support the hypothesis that reported cases of suicides or
psychological problems in athletes, contributing to suicidal sudden deaths among athletes are caused by sports-accidental
thoughts and suicides (Costanza et al., 2021; Sun et al., infections, related mental illnesses, and heart diseases.
2020). Cardiac infections caused by SARS-CoV-2 have been 3.2. Determining the effects of sports-accidental
confirmed in COVID-19 patients (Bauer et al., 2022; Chiari
& Gojanovic, 2023). In addition, psychological problems infections on global peace, quality health, and
triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic (Asadi-Pooya et al., entrepreneurship
2022; Jennings et al., 2022; Nincevic et al., 2023) provide The sayings “health is wealth” (Klinkmann & Vienken, 2008;
evidence that pathogens can induce mental health disorders. Oleribe et al., 2018) and “your health is your wealth” (Carlson,

Volume 3 Issue 1 (2025) 20 https://doi.org/10.36922/ghes.2904