Page 29 - GHES-3-1

Global Health Economics and
Sustainability
Peace and quality health is entrepreneurship

A

B

Figure 4. The most common sports-accidental infections and how athletes contract infections. (A) Major sports-accidental infections among athletes.
(B) Major avenues by which athletes contracted infections. Source: Adapted from Ahmadinejad et al. (2014), DeNizio & Hewitt (2019), Herrero (2020),
Peterson et al. (2019), and Yan et al. (2022)

2016; Pett, 2018) reflect the realistic relationship between et al., 2022; Mackenzie & Jeggo, 2019). Martin Seligman’s
quality health and entrepreneurship (Pulle, 2022; Pulle et al., PERMA model outlines five criteria of well-being (Kovich
2022). These concepts align with the WHO’s definition of et al., 2023; Kyriazos et al., 2018; Seligman, 2011) that
health as “a state of complete physical, mental, and social well- are intrinsically linked to the environment or society.
being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity” This connection extends to sporting activities and
(Armitage, 2023; Oleribe et al., 2018; Schramme, 2023). sports-accidental infections. From the perspective of
It is difficult for sick, poor, or hungry individuals to microbiologists and other scientists, the role of the gut
maintain peace (Cann, 2022; Cazzato et al., 2022; NGS, microbiome in host immunity and disease causation is well
2023; Nincevic et al., 2023). This is one reason why the established (Bacci et al., 2021; Di Dio et al., 2022; Markou
United Nations (UN) prioritize poverty and hunger as & Apidianakis, 2014; O’Brien et al., 2022).
the first and second Sustainable Development Goals, Athletes who are healthy before participating in sports
respectively (NGS, 2023; Un.org., 2023). activities often become infected afterward. Similarly,
The WHO’s One Health approach emphasizes the stadiums and training parks, initially free or low in
synergies required for achieving quality healthy (Ghai infections, can become contaminated after sporting

Volume 3 Issue 1 (2025) 21 https://doi.org/10.36922/ghes.2904