Page 34 - GHES-3-1

Global Health Economics and
Sustainability
Peace and quality health is entrepreneurship

can help prevent atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular problems are the leading cause of sudden death among
diseases (Choi et al., 2023; Herrmann & Herrmann, younger athletes, whereas atherosclerotic coronary artery
2022; Jenkins et al., 2021; O’Connor et al., 2022). These disease is the predominant cause in older athletes >35 years
findings align with other research demonstrating the (D’Ascenzi et al., 2022; Farzam et al., 2023; Han et al., 2023).
importance of nutritious food consumption in preventing Both congenital heart defects and atherosclerotic coronary
both communicable and non-communicable diseases artery diseases are major contributors to heart disease and
(Calder et al., 2020; Ellwanger et al., 2021; Fan et al., 2022). mortality in athletes (D’Ascenzi et al., 2022; Farzam et al.,
Furthermore, it has been shown that infections caused 2023; Han et al., 2023). These health conditions can also
by viruses are less likely to progress to disease states if contribute to broader economic crises, as seen during the
professional dietitians or nutrition officers provide proper COVID-19 pandemic (Nicola et al., 2020).
nutritional guidance to athletes or individuals at risk (Calder
et al., 2020; Mohammadi et al., 2023; Pal et al., 2022). Atherosclerosis is influenced by multiple factors, with
microbial infections and dietary habits being significant
The One Health approach uses a multifaceted strategy contributors (Lawson & Glenn, 2021; Pahwa & Jialal,
to prevent diseases, which perfectly fits the study’s context 2023). Microbial infections, including bacteria, viruses,
since sports-accidental infections are also multidimensional parasites, and fungi, are implicated in the development of
and involve various factors, including infectious agents both atherosclerosis and congenital heart diseases (Berge
and pathogens, athletes, and their supporters at sporting et al., 2023; Boehme et al., 2023; Jung & Lee, 2022; Tesfaye
events. This approach targets all contributing factors to & Tadele, 2022). These findings support the hypothesis of
the spread of pathogens (Ellwanger et al., 2021; Ghai this study: “Reported cases of suicides or sudden deaths
et al., 2022; Mackenzie & Jeggo, 2019), thereby helping to among athletes are caused by sports-accidental infections
prevent diseases.
that lead to mental illnesses and heart diseases.” Increasing
In sports such as football, rules are implemented to awareness and understanding of these issues could
prevent injuries, including issuing yellow and red cards significantly help address the ongoing challenges in clinical
to aggressive players (Nalwala, 2022; Owayo.com., n.d.). medicine and public health (Mercurio et al., 2017).
Similarly, guidelines exist for handling harmful chemical,
biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) agents, which 5. Conclusion, suggestions, and
pose significant risks to human health. This is particularly recommendations
relevant in microbiology, where managing exposure
to CBRN agents often referred to as “CBRN terrorism” The current review indicates that once an infectious disease
(Binder & Ackerman, 2023; Gawlik-Kobylińska, 2022; emerges, it is often challenging to eliminate or eradicate
Kumar et al., 2010; NATO, 2022). it. Notable examples include the COVID-19 pandemic,
HIV, tuberculosis, and influenza (Jha & Rathish, 2022;
4.1. Other pressing sports-accidental infections Ricci et al., 2023). Influenza, known as the “mother of all
supporting the research hypothesis pandemic,” has persisted for over a century and continues
The results indicated that cardiovascular diseases (Farzam to pose significant public health challenges (Morens &
et al., 2023; Han et al., 2023), neurogenerative diseases Taubenberger, 2018). Sports-accidental infections can
(Ueda et al., 2023), and mental illnesses (Kader et al., exacerbate existing health problems.
2023; Parr et al., 2023) are increasingly common among Sports-accidental infections can also contribute to job
athletes. These findings agree with literature indicating losses, as seen during the COVID-19 pandemic, which in
that, although heart failure is the major cause of sudden turn can increase the risk of heart attack due to associated
death in athletes (D’Ascenzi et al., 2022; Farzam et al., 2023; stress and economic hardship (Roy et al., 2021). However,
Han et al., 2023), other sports-accidental infections also microbiological investigations have played significant roles
contribute to cardiovascular and psychiatric conditions, as in managing pandemics like COVID-19 by identifying
well as neurogenerative diseases (Brancaccio et al., 2020). infectious agents, which enable the implementation of
Pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus preventive measures. For athletes experiencing a heart
pneumoniae are known to cause infective endocarditis attack, immediate first aid, including cardiopulmonary
(Berge et al., 2023; Grapsa et al., 2022; Henriet et al., 2022). resuscitation and defibrillation, is crucial (Carrington

Numerous cases of heart failure have been reported et al., 2023). Engaging in moderate physical activities, such
among athletes, sometimes resulting in death (D’Ascenzi as farming, walking, running, working, cycling, sports, and
et al., 2022; Farzam et al., 2023; Han et al., 2023; Wasfy cooking, contributes significantly to quality health and
et al., 2016). Research indicates that congenital heart well-being (WHO, 2018).

Volume 3 Issue 1 (2025) 26 https://doi.org/10.36922/ghes.2904