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Global Health Economics and
Sustainability
Peace and quality health is entrepreneurship

Table 3. Databases used to retrieve literature and the number supporting hematological, serological, renal function, and
of articles retrieved electrolyte tests, as well as evaluations of cardiovascular and
musculoskeletal health (Bakken et al., 2016).
Type of article source Number of literature retrieved
Academic database Blood culture and sensitivity tests are used to identify
PubMed 181 systemic infections in athletes and football players. Blood
cultures are typically requested for patients suspected
Google Scholar 42 of having systemic infections or sepsis (Go et al., 2022;
Web of Science 25 Hosseinpour et al., 2022). Depending on the type of
Scopus 19 infection, blood or other cultures can accurately identify
ScienceDirect 10 the specific microorganism responsible (Go et al., 2022;
Semantic Scholar 9 Papavarnavas et al., 2022).
Index Copernicus International 2 4. Discussion
Total 248
Books The literature revealed that sports-accidental infections
Bible quotes 1 are transmitted through various pathways, including
direct contact, fecal-oral routes, airborne or infected
Academic books 17 droplets, and exposure to contaminated sources. Other
Total 18 transmission modes, such as sexually transmitted
News websites 35 infections, although not explicitly mentioned, fall under
Blog posts 4 contact transmission and source exposure (Figure 4B).
Magazine 1 The most common route through which athletes contract
WHO websites 6 blood-borne pathogens is through direct contact during
Unpublished literature 1 sports activities (Bauer et al., 2022; Kolören & Dubey,
2020; McGrew, 2023; Mak et al., 2022). The most
Source: Adapted from Ben Pulle’s Peace Designs and Writing, created frequently observed infections among athletes include
using Microsoft Word Office 2021.
Note: Thirty-nine journal articles were retrieved from two or more skin infections, URTIs, blood-borne infections, and
databases. Therefore, when calculating the total number of journal fecal-oral infections (Figure 4).
articles, the figure would be 287 instead of 248. This duplication applies
to articles with unavailable full texts on certain databases but retrieved The findings on the common types of infections among
from others. For example, two journals initially retrieved from PubMed athletes and their modes of transmission align with the
and Google Scholar were also accessed from the WHO website. principle of the One Health approach (Ghai et al., 2022;
Mackenzie & Jeggo, 2019) and the WHO’s definition of
substances, such as pneumococcal C-polysaccharide, in health (Armitage, 2023; Oleribe et al., 2018; Schramme,
the presence of Ca , underscores its role in the immune 2023). These frameworks highlight that athletes can be
2+
response (Bhattacharya & Munshi, 2023). These functions infected through various routes and that multiple forms
contribute to the tertiary prevention of diseases affecting of infections, termed sports-accidental infections, can be
athletes (Mercurio et al., 2017). diagnosed in this population. These results address the

A study investigated the association between metabolic first objective of this study by demonstrating why the One
syndrome in children and the inflammatory response using Health approach is applicable in this context.
CRP. CRP, known as a nonspecific marker of inflammation, Preventing sports-accidental infections during sporting
was measured for its reliability as a marker for inflammation activities is important, as sports events contribute to
in children and adolescents with metabolic syndrome. The economic development but can also serve as vectors
results established a linkage between metabolic syndrome for disease transmission. The importance of preventing
and elevated CRP levels compared to healthy children infections during sporting activities was emphasized by the
(Podeanu et al., 2023). second objective of the study. It found that in the WHO’s
Numerous diagnostic tests are available to help definition of health, inclusive environmental factors
physicians or health professionals confirm sports-accidental support the importance of infection prevention in sports
infections (Table 3). These include urine and stool routine settings. For example, studies on Pseudomonas aeruginosa
examinations, sputum tests for acid–fast bacilli, skin quorum-sensing mechanisms illustrate how immunity
snips or scrapings for wet preparations, staining, culture in the intestinal and respiratory tracts can be influenced
and sensitivity, rapid diagnostic tests, and molecular (Muggeo et al., 2023; Singh et al., 2023). Athletes with skin
investigations. Blood tests are particularly versatile, infections may experience disfigurement, stigmatization,

Volume 3 Issue 1 (2025) 24 https://doi.org/10.36922/ghes.2904