Page 33 - GHES-3-1

Global Health Economics and
Sustainability
Peace and quality health is entrepreneurship

and decreased quality of life, impacting their ability to et al., 2023), biochemistry (Ashoobi et al., 2023; Bono
work and meet basic needs (Koçak et al., 2021). & Reygaert, 2021), physiology (Sellami et al., 2023), and
The findings further indicate that sports-accidental psychology (Boehme et al., 2023; Góralczyk-Bińkowska
infections have the potential to spread through et al., 2022).
environmental routes, becoming pandemic threats if proper However, it is important to note that strenuous
preventive measures are not strategically implemented. or excessive exercise and training increase the risk of
Consequently, the return-to-sport (Lindsay et al., 2021; respiratory tract infections. Modifications in exercise
Yung et al., 2022) strategy for preventing sports-accidental routines (Benzing et al., 2021; Bloomquist et al., 2021; Faude
infections is a crucial and effective approach. Reflecting et al., 2022) were necessary to ensure that these exercises
on the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic, the do not increase exposure to respiratory infections, such as
study highlights that infections such as sports-accidental SARS-CoV-2, or exacerbate their severity. This agrees with
infections significantly impact individuals’ physical findings from several studies (Herrero, 2020; Palladino,
and mental health, disrupt daily economic activities, 2021; Sellami et al., 2023).
and ultimately affect national and global economic During the COVID-19 pandemic, microbiological
development (Antunes, 2020; Ksinan Jiskrova et al., 2021; investigations, including rapid diagnostic tests and
Nincevic et al., 2023; Posel et al., 2021).
molecular detection methods, were crucial in identifying
The WHO campaign for promoting a more active lifestyle SARS-CoV-2 (Abdurrahman et al., 2022; González-
for a healthier world can be effectively achieved through Vázquez & Arenas, 2023; Navero-Castillejos et al., 2022).
competitive sports (França et al., 2023; WHO, 2018). This According to medical microbiology, normal gut flora are
agrees with the third objective of this study, particularly in typically acquired through exposure to microorganisms.
the context of diagnosis and treatment. Sporting activities For example, Bifidobacterium longum, a gut flora, plays
extend beyond games and entertainment; they function as a critical role in the maintenance of gut immunity.
exercise routines that help strengthen the immune system Lysozymes produced by this bacterium inhibit the
of athletes (Campbell & Turner, 2018; WHO, 2018). invasion of Gram-positive bacteria by hydrolyzing the
Research findings indicate that athletes who regularly β-(1,4)-glycosidic bond that links N-acetylmuramic
engage in exercise during their training can better resist acid and N-acetylglucosamine, key components of the
infectious diseases, especially URTIs (Flegr, 2021; Sellami peptidoglycan structure in the bacterial cell wall. This
et al., 2023). Exercise plays a crucial role in boosting both hydrolysis disrupts the cell wall, ultimately destroying the
the mucosal humoral immune system and non-mucosal bacteria (Du et al., 2021; Notarbartolo et al., 2022; Ragland
humoral and cellular immunity. Sellami et al. (2023) have & Criss, 2017; Wu et al., 2019).
revealed that moderate exercise induces humoral immunity Research indicates that gut flora can also improve
in disabled athletes. The study also highlights the linkage brain health (Boehme et al., 2023; Ghannoum et al., 2021;
between exercise, health, and disease prevention, clarifying Severance & Yolken, 2020). This idea was particularly
how white blood cells – including lymphocytes, monocytes, valuable during the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic,
and granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils) as maintaining a healthy gut microbiome was linked to
– are integral to immune function (Sellami et al., 2023). better management of mental health conditions such
These findings, obtained through medical laboratory as depression. Recommendations included consuming
diagnosis, support the third objective of this study. The nutritious meals, using probiotics, and adapting positive
findings are consistent with those of Hosseinpour et al. health behaviors and healthy lifestyles (Ghannoum et al.,
(2022), who also acknowledged the role of white blood 2021). An imbalance in gut flora, immunosuppression, or
cells in building the immune system through moderate changes in microbiome composition can lead to mental
+
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exercise. Lymphocytes, specifically CD4 (helper T), CD8 health disorders, including major depressive disorder,
(cytotoxic, suppressor T), B lymphocytes, and natural schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, autism spectrum disorder,
killer cells, each play significant roles in maintaining the and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (Góralczyk-
body’s immunological functions. Bińkowska et al., 2022; Mitrea et al., 2022; Severance &
During the COVID-19 pandemic, exercise was widely Yolken, 2020).
advocated as a means to boost the immune system, Cardiovascular diseases, which are leading causes of
particularly during lockdown periods (Benzing et al., death in athletic settings, often result in heart failure and are
2021; Ricci et al., 2023; Wijngaards et al., 2022). This frequently associated with microbial infections, supporting
approach integrated concepts from medical microbiology, the study’s hypothesis. Supplementation with vitamin B
immunology (Sellami et al., 2023), hematology (Sellami has been identified as an essential dietary intervention that

Volume 3 Issue 1 (2025) 25 https://doi.org/10.36922/ghes.2904