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Global Health Economics and
Sustainability
The impact of PTSD on memory and cognition

and not expressed. The articulation of one’s innermost Availability of data
thoughts and feelings is considered a Western notion.
The data supporting the findings of this study are available
The present study on children who were victims of the from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
devastating earthquake in Pakistan in 2008 focused on
adolescents attending schools in the affected areas. It aimed References
to determine the presence of PTSD in the participating Adamec, R., Muir, C., Grimes, M., & Pearcey, K. (2007).
adolescents and attempted to ascertain the relationships Involvement of noradrenergic and corticoid receptors in the
between PTSD and memory. It also intended to test the consolidation of the lasting anxiogenic effects of predator
impact, strengths, and weaknesses of the Children and stress. Behavioural Brain Research, 179:192-207.
War Foundation’s Writing for Recovery Manual-based https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2007.02.013
intervention for adolescents with PTSD. The study results
illuminated that all three groups A, B, and C performed American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and
th
better at the memory test after the manual was applied. The Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4 ed. Washington,
results of the first and second PTSD tests administered to DC: American Psychiatric Association.
control group A evinced negligible variations. However, Armenian, H., Morikawa, M., Melkonian, A., Hovanesian, A.,
both groups B and C, which comprised adolescents who Haroutunian, N., Saigh, P., et al. (2000). Loss as a
were earthquake victims, reported fewer symptoms of determinant of PTSD in a cohort of adult survivors of the
PTSD after the intervention. The overall memory test 1988 earthquake in Armenia: Implications for policy. Acta
scores of control group A were superior to the results Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 102:58-64.
recorded for both groups B and C. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0447.2000.102001058.x
Perhaps follow-up studies can yield a formal recovery Basoglu, M., Salcioglu, E., & Livanou, M. (2002). Traumatic stress
system for people suffering from PTSD in Pakistan. The responses in earthquake survivors in Turkey. Journal of
institution of such a structure could also help mental Traumatic Stress, 15:269-276.
health professionals in Pakistan prepare for wide-ranging https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016261623400
types of disasters in the future. Bonne, O., Vythilingam, M., Inagaki, M., Wood, S., Neumeister, A.,

Acknowledgments Nugent, A.C., et al. (2008). Reduced posterior hippocampal
volume in posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Clinical
None. Psychiatry, 69(7):1087-1091.
https://doi.org/10.4088/jcp.v69n0704
Funding
Breslau, N. (2002). Epidemiologic studies of trauma, posttraumatic
None. stress disorder, and other psychiatric disorders. Canadian
Journal of Psychiatry, 47:923-929.
Conflict of interest
https://doi.org/10.1177/070674370204700902
The author declares that she has no competing interests.
Breslau, N., Davis, G.C., Peterson, E.L., & Schultz, L. (1997).
Author contributions Psychiatric sequelae of posttraumatic stress disorder in
women. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54:81-87.
This is a single-authored article.
https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830130087016
Ethics approval and consent to participate Brewin, C.R. (1998). Intrusive memories, depression, and PTSD.
Psychologist, 11:281-283.
This study was conducted in strict adherence to the
principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. All Bryant, R.A., Marosszeky, J.E., & Crooks, J. (1999). Interaction
procedures involving human participants were reviewed of posttraumatic stress disorder and chronic pain following
and approved by the Ethics Committee. Written informed TBI. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 14(6):588-594.
consent was obtained from all participants or their legal https://doi.org/10.1097/00001199-199912000-00002
guardians before their inclusion in the study. Participation Chung, R. (2001). Psychosocial adjustment of Cambodian
was voluntary, and confidentiality of personal data was refugee women: Implications for mental health counseling.
rigorously maintained throughout the research process. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 23:115-126.

Consent for publication Emami, M.J., Tavakoli, A.R., Alemzadeh, H., Abdinejad, F.,
Shahcheraghi, G., Erfani, M.A., et al. (2005). Strategies in
Not applicable. evaluation and management of Bam earthquake victims.

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