Page 146 - GHES-3-2

Global Health Economics and
Sustainability
Vaccine hesitancy in the US, India, and China

Pulse Survey (HPS). The estimation was carried out using 2.2. HPS data
hesitancy responses as the dependent variable in the The data for this study was collected from the HPS
multinomial and binary logistic regression models. In the (Household Pulse Survey, n.d.), which spans the period
multinomial logistic regression (MLR) model, the response from July 21, 2021, to October 11, 2021. The HPS is
variable had three categories: “Hesitant,” “Non-hesitant,” designed for rapid deployment, collecting data to measure
and “Unsure,” but the binomial logistic regression (BLR) how emerging issues impact US households from social
model had only two categories for the response variable, and economic perspectives. This initiative is collaboration
namely, “Hesitant” and “Not hesitant.” The purpose of this between the Census Bureau and the National Center
study was to gain insight by comparing multinomial and for Health Statistics (NCHS) focused on the effects of
binomial logistic response probabilities. Further insight COVID-19 in the US. Data collection started on April 23,
into the response probabilities can be obtained by using 2020, and follows a 2-week on, 2-week off schedule for
recently developed penalized methods. In these methods, collection and dissemination. The data are of good quality
regression parameters are pulled toward zero based on the and maintained by the US government agencies. This
contribution of independent variables. Additional details ongoing effort addresses various COVID-19-related issues,
on the penalized methods are discussed under Model 4.
including long COVID, hospital data, and long-term care.
2. Data description We chose the HPS dataset because it has several variables
that provide a measure of household experiences and the
Here we analyzed two cohorts: (i) The Inter-University social and economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR) The dataset’s large sample size across the US is particularly
COVID-19 database that focuses on the global vaccine valuable for studying COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. By
hesitancy data; and (ii) HPS data that concentrates on utilizing the HPS data and employing MLR analysis, we aim
surveys of identified households in the USA. A detailed to characterize the key aspects contributing to COVID-19
overview of both datasets is addressed below: vaccine hesitancy across different demographics and

2.1. ICPSR data regions in the US.
The first dataset is extracted from the ICPSR COVID-19 The dataset contains 515,558 household samples from
database (https://doi.org/10.3886/E130422V1) (Zhang weeks 34 to 39, with a total of 202 characteristics. Of
et al., 2021). It is an open COVID-19 data repository where these, 382,908 represent individual households. For the
any researcher can deposit her/his dataset (s) following analysis, we focused on those who had not received any
the guidelines. The datasets are from around the world vaccine, which comprised 43,859 samples (11.4%) and 202
and cover different aspects of COVID-19. It is maintained variables. After removing missing values, the population
by the Institute of Social Research (ISR), University was reduced to 5,758 samples and 202 factors. Households
of Michigan. As of August 14, 2024, 104 datasets were that responded to the “Question seen but category not
deposited covering different aspects of COVID-19 from selected” (−99) and “Missing/Did not report” (−88) were
around the world. ICPSR is managed by ISR, University not considered in the final analysis, resulting in a dataset of
of Michigan, holds survey data from many organizations 5,758 unique participant households. Based on the existing
of the US government, and is a consortium of many literature on vaccine hesitancy and an inspection of the
universities. The data quality is excellent and available datasets, we selected the following covariates to examine
to researchers in the US and outside the US. The cross- their relationship with vaccine hesitancy: Gender, region,
sectional survey is conducted to assess the prevalence of health insurance, income, MH service status, marital
vaccine hesitancy in the US, India, and China, due to their status, MH medicine prescribed, race, indicators of anxiety,
large sample sizes. For India, there were 1,761 participants interest in work, feeling down, worried, education, seeing,
who completed the survey as of November 2020, of which hearing, mobility, and memory. In addition, we defined two
90.2% indicated acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccine. more variables: One for geographical regions (Northeast,
In the US, 1,768 individuals participated in the survey Mid-Atlantic, Southeast, Great Lakes, Midwest, Southwest,
from August to November 2020. Of the individuals who Northwest, West, and Mid-South) and another for political
participated, 67.3% indicated that they would accept the views (red, blue, or red/blue [mixed]) depending on the
vaccine. A total of 1,129 of them either had a parent or a election results from the past decade.
child, of which 67.6% would accept the vaccine. In China,
there were 1,727 participants, of which 1551 indicated that 3. Methods
they would accept a vaccine. 90.1% of them who had either Our investigation is motivated by the following research
a parent or child were willing to accept a vaccine. questions:

Volume 3 Issue 2 (2025) 138 https://doi.org/10.36922/ghes.2958