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Gene & Protein in Disease Exosomes connect periodontitis and systemic diseases

who have acute stroke within 72 h, and found that the tissues. Therefore, exosomes can be used as promising
expression of miR-223 was higher than that in control diagnostic biomarker (Table 2) and therapeutic tool for the
group [129] . Li et al. divided 55 patients with IS into acute treatment of periodontitis and other diseases. These roles
phase group and subacute stage group, and the results are attributed to their abilities to transfer RNA, proteins,
showed that plasma exosomal mir-422a and mir-125b-2-3p enzymes, and lipids, thereby affecting physiological and
[61]
levels in subacute phase group were significantly lower than pathological processes in various diseases .
those in acute phase group, and the expression level of mir- Recently, many investigations have shed light on
422a in acute phase group was higher than that in control periodontitis treatments using exosomes. Modified
group [130] . Ji et al. detected the alternation in serum exosome exosomes can inhibit inflammation and promote
concentrations and the levels of serum exosomal miR-9 periodontal regeneration by affecting the function of
and miR-124 in 65 patients with acute IS and 66 non-stroke periodontal cells or immune cells. Chew et al. observed
patients, and the results showed that the concentration of the effects of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) exosomes-
serum exosomes was elevated, and the median levels of loaded collagen sponges on the healing of periodontal
serum exosomal miR-9 and miR-124 in acute IS patients defects in immunocompetent rat models, and found that
were significantly higher than those in control group [131] . MSC-derived exosomes can increase PDL cells migration
and proliferation through CD73-mediated activation of
5.5. Periodontal pathogens increase morbidity and pro-survival AKT and ERK signals to promote periodontal
risk of atherosclerosis, which leads to cardiovascular regeneration [164] . Wang et al. used osteoblasts stimulate
disease stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED)
Cardiovascular disease is a common disease that seriously to acquired special exosomes, and demonstrated that they
threatens the health of human beings, especially the elder have a facilitating effect on the osteogenic differentiation
individuals [132] . Cardiovascular disease is a multifactorial of PDLSCs in vitro. Both Wnt/β-catenin and BMP/Smad
disease with complex etiology, and periodontitis may be signaling pathways are involved in this physiological
[98]
one of the pathogenic factors. Systemic inflammatory process , which indicates that exosomes isolated from
response and vascular endothelial damage caused SHED may have a great therapeutic potential in the loss
by periodontitis are related to the development of of periodontal or alveolar bone. Macrophages are involved
cardiovascular disease [133] . Eight types of bacteria were in the development of inflammation, and different types
identical in both subgingival plaque and atherosclerotic of macrophages play various roles in different stages of
plaque. Among these bacteria, P. gingivalis and Tannerella inflammation. In the early stage of inflammation, M1 cells
forsythia significantly increase morbidity and risk of
atherosclerosis. The results strongly correlate periodontal Table 2. Exosomes as biomarkers
bacterial co-occurrence and periodontal bacterial adhesion Diseases Biomarkers References
factor to atherosclerosis [134] . In addition, there is a certain Periodontitis miRNA-29, miR-207, [139-141]
relationship between periodontal disease and C-reactive miR-495, miR-376b-3p,
protein level, and C-reactive protein may also be involved miR-1226
in the development of cardiovascular disease [135] . Osteoporosis miR-324-3p, miR-766-3p, [142,143]
miR-1247-5p, miR-330-5p,
The exosomes and their miRNAs may be involved in the miR-3124-5p, miR-214
pathophysiological process of atherosclerosis as a medium Kidney disease miR-29c, miR-21, [144-147]
of cell communication [136] . Wang et al. have demonstrated ceruloplasmin, E-cadherin,
that macrophage-derived exosomes can transfer miR-155 to vimentin
cardiac fibroblasts, thereby inhibiting fibroblast proliferation Alzheimer’s miR-342-3p, miR-9-5p, [148-151]
and enhancing inflammatory response [137] . Widera et al. disease miR-598, miR-128,
detected the expression of miRNA in plasma exosomes from miR-125b
a large number of patients with acute coronary syndrome, Stroke miR-9, miR-124, [130,131,152,153]
and the results showed that the expression of miR-1, miR- miR-422a, miR-125b-2-3p,
133a, miR-133b, and miR-208b was upregulated [138] . miR-599, miR-451
Cardiovascular miR-376a-3p, miR-27b, [154-157]
6. Application prospect of exosomes in disease miR-30a-5p, miR-122,
periodontitis and other systemic diseases miR-126
Tumor miR-301a, miR-320d, [158-163]
Specific contents are the attributes of exosomes that miR-429, miR-25-3p,
allow them to send signals to specific recipient cells or miR-21, miR-148a

Volume 1 Issue 2 (2022) 9 https://doi.org/10.36922/gpd.v1i2.99