Page 113 - GPD-1-2

Gene & Protein in Disease Exosomes connect periodontitis and systemic diseases

Table 1. Isolation of exosomes
Methods Advantages Disadvantages References
Ultracentrifugation (1) Simple operation (1) Time-consuming [79,80]
(2) high purity (2) Damage or even loss of exosomes
Density gradient centrifugation (1) High purity (1) Long centrifugation time [81]
(2) High technical difficulty
Ultrafiltration (1) Simple operation (1) High cost [82]
(2) Minimized damages to exosome components (2) Low purity and stability of exosomes
Precipitation (1) Simple operation (1) Low production [83]
(2) No requirement of professional equipment
Immunoaffinity capture (1) High purity (1) Low production [84]

cells, which contain a variety of inflammatory factors. This indicates that exosomes play an irreplaceable role
When exosomes reach their destination, their contents in the occurrence of periodontitis caused by periodontal
are released into the receptor cells and then activate pathogens. In addition, Yu et al. showed that the detected
TLRs and subordinate signaling pathway, which activates expression levels of salivary exosomal PD-L1 mRNA
the expression of cytokines and regulatory factors in were significantly higher in periodontitis patients when
inflammatory reactions . In addition, the interaction of compared with non-periodontitis patients, and the
[86]
inflammatory cells and tissue cells can produce a series of mRNA level also has significant differences at all stages of
[92]
immune responses, which subsequently lead to immune periodontitis .
system dysregulation and occurrence of periodontitis.
4.2. The role of proteins in exosomes in periodontitis
4.1. The role of nucleic acids in exosomes in Proteins in exosomes include transmembrane proteins and
periodontitis embedded proteins which play an important role in the
[93]
At present, studies on nucleic acids related to periodontitis occurrence of periodontitis . Tetrapeptide superfamily
in exosomes mainly focus on miRNAs. Exosomes is a specific protein of transmembrane proteins with
containing miRNAs regulate cells through surface proteins various biological activities, such as cell adhesion, motion,
in the form of ligands and receptors, and they have different migration, growth, signal transduction, differentiation,
[94]
effects on periodontitis according to the different type of and sperm-egg fusion . Zhao et al. isolated and identified
miRNAs . exosomes derived from PDLSCs, and found PDLSC-
[87]
derived exosomes could express the common surface
There is an imbalance of Th17/Treg in the peripheral adhesion molecules CD9, CD63, CD81 and TSG101 .
[95]
blood of periodontitis patients, characterized by This suggests that exosomes secreted by periodontal cells
upregulated Th17 or downregulated Treg . Zheng et al. have the potential to act as vesicles for inflammatory
[88]
found exosomes from PDLSCs in periodontal inflammatory factors.
environment induced with LPS have a regulatory effect on
the inflammatory microenvironment by regulating Th17/ Huang et al. extracted salivary exosomes from 11
Treg differentiation and homeostasis. They used inhibitors young patients with severe periodontitis and identified 26
to knock down miR-155-5p in normal PDLSCs and found proteins that were relatively specific to normal people, and
that the Th17/Treg ratio increased and then lead to an found obvious immune correlations among these proteins,
[89]
inflammatory status . suggesting that exosomes may be involved in the immune
response during the development of periodontitis .
[93]
Among the main bacteria implicated in the Zhao et al. established an inflammatory model in vitro
pathology of periodontal disease, Aggregatibacter and isolated exosomes from primary human periodontal
actinomycetemcomitans is well known for causing loss ligament fibroblasts (hPDLFs) which were treated with LPS
of periodontal attachment and systemic diseases . from P. gingivalis. The results showed that the levels of total
[90]
Han et al. analyzed the small RNA expression profiles protein and exosome-enriched protein were higher in LPS-
in activated human macrophage-like cells infected with treated group than in controls, indicating that exosome
exosomes from A. actinomycetemcomitans and the result secretion was enhanced by LPS. Moreover, they found that
provided evidence that these cells can harbor small RNAs the expression of IL-6 and TNF-α was upregulated at both
of bacterial origin, which contribute to the production of gene and protein levels after treated with LPS, which also
TNF-α through TLR-8 and NF-κB signaling pathways . has an influence on bone remodeling . These suggest that
[91]
[96]
Volume 1 Issue 2 (2022) 6 https://doi.org/10.36922/gpd.v1i2.99