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Global Translational Medicine ZnO NPs induce apoptosis in MG63 cells

drug treatment like vincristine, nanoparticles can control a variety of compounds that are responsible for diverse
cancer cell growth at various cell cycle stages, remove local bioactivity. The plant bioactive compounds encompassing
or distant micro-metastases, and diminish the development glycoalkaloids, glycoproteins, polysaccharides, and
of drug resistance. Among all malignancy cases, 40% have polyphenolic substances that include gallic acid, catechin,
developed resistance to multidrug treatment after an early protocatechuic acid, caffeic acid epicatechin, rutin,
response to medication. In addition, 30% patients with and naringenin were used for the preparation of ZnO
[12]
multidrug resistance experience metastasis or recurrence NPs . Several studies have been conducted to evaluate
[3]
within 5 years . Disruption in transporter pumps, the anticancer activity of biologically prepared ZnO
oncogenes, genes involved in tumor suppression, DNA NPs; however, the formulation of ZnO NPs from S.
repair mechanism, mitochondrial damage, autophagy, and xanthocarpum extract and its anticancer mechanism on
epithelial-mesenchymal transition are some of the cellular osteosarcoma cells has not yet been studied. Hence, in this
[4]
events behind drug resistance . Overall, the factors study, we synthesized ZnO NPs using S. xanthocarpum
involved in drug resistance are complex and require further extract and investigate its molecular mechanism in
research. As a result, the underlying molecular processes inducing apoptosis in osteosarcoma MG63 cells.
and the involvement of biomarkers should be identified.
2. Materials and methods
Nanotechnology has a significant impact on the
development of anticancer and antibacterial drugs with 2.1. Chemicals
higher efficacy. Nanoparticles with a size range of 1 – Zinc acetate, 3- (4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,
100 nm offer unique properties due to their small size 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), non-fluorescent
compared to their bulk counterpart, allowing them to 2’,7’-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA),
be used in various industries, including electronics, acridine orange (AO), ethidium bromide (EtBr),
energy, biomedicine, and healthcare. Physical, chemical, trypsin-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and
and biological techniques may be used to prepare 4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) were obtained
nanoparticles, and they can be customized in size and from Sigma-Aldrich, USA. Phosphate-buffered saline
[5]
form . However, physical and chemical methods are (PBS) solution (pH 7.2), Dulbecco’s modified eagle’s
rarely used for synthesis due to high cost and toxicity of medium (DMEM), and all other chemicals were acquired
the substances used. As a result, many researchers use from HiMedia Laboratories, India.
biological approach to generate nanoparticles, including 2.2. Preparation of plant extracts and synthesis of
zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) . The therapeutic ZnO NPs
[6]
abilities of ZnO NPs have caught the attention of scientists
worldwide. A plethora of approaches for synthesizing ZnO The disease-free fresh leaves of S. xanthocarpum were
NPs are available, allowing for easy control of ZnO NP size. collected from the area around Jinan City, Shandong
Evidence showed that the level of cytotoxicity in cancer Province, China. The collected plant materials were
cells was related to the size of the ZnO NPs synthesized. splashed several times with pure water to remove dust
Due to their semiconductor nature and distinct exterior particles. Further, the plant material was dried in shadow
characteristics, ZnO NPs cause cytotoxicity in malignant and minced into fine powder. 20 g of rinsed fine dried
cells by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), powder were combined with 100 mL of sterile water in a
leading to oxidative stress and cell death . Nonetheless, 250 mL flask to make the extract. After that, the mixture
[7]
understanding the molecular mechanism involved in was boiled for 20 min, or until the aqueous solution color
anticancer activity of ZnO NPs is deem important. changed from watery to light yellow. Before being filtered
using Whatman filter paper, the extract was left at room
Various plant species have been reported to biosynthesize temperature to cool. The extract was then stored at room
ZnO NPs which include Garcinia mangostana , temperature for future analysis. For the amalgamation of
[8]
Tamarindus indica , Aeromonas hydrophila , and Aloe ZnO NPs, 20 mL of the obtained extract was transferred
[9]
[10]
barbadensis . Solanum xanthocarpum is a medicinal into aqueous zinc acetate (3 mM, 80 mL). The reactant was
[11]
plant that belongs to the member of Solanaceae family. incubated in the dark for 24 h using a mechanical stirrer.
S. xanthocarpum has been used to treat various illnesses When zinc acetate was reduced entirely to ZnO NPs, the
such as joint pain, inflammation, fever, and gastrointestinal solution initially changed from colorless to dark brown.
diseases. Moreover, it has anti-tumorigenic, antioxidant, Afterward, the reaction solution was maintained at room
anti-inflammatory, diuretic, antipyretic, and antibacterial temperature for another 24 h without shaking to precipitate
properties and can be used to treat sexually transmitted the amalgamated nanoparticles thoroughly. Then, the
infections as well. The Solanaceae family plants contain settled particles were centrifuged for 10 min at 500 ×g, and

Volume 1 Issue 1 (2022) 2 https://doi.org/10.36922/gtm.v1i1.34