Page 86 - GTM-3-4

Global Translational Medicine Blood parameters for SCLC and AC relapse prognosis

typically performed for stage IIIA and some stage IIIB angiogenesis, migration, invasion, cell survival, and
cases, often supplemented with neoadjuvant and/or involvement in organ-specific metastasis. Another
6
adjuvant chemotherapy, sometimes in combination with chemokine that binds to the CXCR2 receptor is C-X-C
radiation therapy. 2 motif chemokine ligand 5 (CXCL5), which serves as an
Different treatment regimens are aimed at preventing attractant for granulocytes. The CXCL5/CXCR2 axis has
disease recurrence. Despite this, the prognosis in patients been shown to be important in the development of many
with Stage III NSCLC remains poor. For patients with human cancers. The serum CXCL5 protein concentration
T1-4N0-2, the overall 5-year survival rate after treatment was significantly increased in NSCLC compared to healthy
varies from 36% to 82%. The median survival rate for volunteers. CXCL5 expression correlated with tumor size
1-3
stage III NSCLC generally does not exceed 20 months, and stage of NSCLC, lymph node metastases, and decreased
7
with no more than 20% of patients surpassing the 5-year patient survival. Our previous studies also showed
survival barrier. At the same time, patients with the changes in the levels of these proteins in the blood of
2,3
8-10
same TNM stage may have different outcomes and the NSCLC patients. Their relationship with tumor process
likelihood of relapse. One of the approaches to optimizing descriptors was established, and the diagnostic efficiency
the effectiveness of treatment in this category of patients is of their determination in this disease was calculated, which
the ability to predict those at high risk of disease relapse. in some cases exceeded that of classical markers.
They have a high risk of retaining hidden metastases An aggressive, rapidly growing tumor with multiple
after surgical removal of the tumor, which significantly metastases produces and secretes a large number of these
contributes to disease recurrence, referred to as “relapse.” proteins into the blood serum, which indicates a poor
prognosis. Therefore, blood, being a minimally invasive
11
Early prediction of rapid relapse after treatment would
allow for the timely and targeted implementation of and the most accessible material, plays a crucial role in
the search for oncobiomarkers, including in patients
neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapy, in addition to surgical with NSCLC. Tumor cell components, or molecules
treatment. Therapeutic treatments are associated with involved in the development of tumor tissue, circulating
various side effects, but when targeted, they can provide in the bloodstream, have been studied as candidates
maximum benefit, thereby increasing the survival of for malignant growth markers. These include the well-
2
patients with Stage III NSCLC. Therefore, predicting the established cytokeratin 19 fragment antigen 21-1 (CYFRA
risk of tumor recurrence in patients with Stage III (T1- 21-1), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) antigen, and
4N0-2) NSCLC before treatment is highly relevant.
cancer embryonic antigen (CEA). Subsequent studies
11
There is considerable evidence supporting the have shown that CEA and CYFRA 21-1, in addition to
relationship between systemic inflammation and cancer. their diagnostic value, also hold prognostic significance in
4
On one hand, the inflammatory reaction creates conditions NSCLC. 12-17 However, determining the level of each of these
for the development of cancer, and on the other hand, it markers separately in blood serum has not demonstrated
is a consequence of metabolic changes in tumor cells. sufficient specificity and sensitivity.
5
Inflammation in the tumor microenvironment plays a Researchers are increasingly focusing on other systemic
role in the proliferation and survival of malignant tumor inflammatory markers in the blood, such as lymphocytes
cells, angiogenesis in tumor tissue, and metastasis. Signs (L), neutrophils (N), platelets (P), C-reactive protein
6
18
19
of tumor-associated inflammation are the presence of cells (CRP), and albumin, as well as their ratios, 21-23 as
20
and inflammatory mediators (chemokines, cytokines) prognostic markers in cancer. Interest in such indicators
in tumor tissue, similar to those observed in chronic is understandable, given that the quantitative and semi-
inflammation and reparation.
quantitative assessment of blood cells is a routine and
During transformation, many cells of epithelial or relatively inexpensive test, which is usually carried out for
mesenchymal origin begin to express chemokine receptors, every patient admitted to a clinic. Evaluating these results
thereby utilizing these factors for migration and survival to predict patient survival is a critical issue. For these
at sites distant from the primary tumor. In particular, same purposes, the calculation of the systemic immune-
the proinflammatory C-X-C motif chemokine ligand inflammatory index (SII), which has proven effective
8 (CXCL8) exerts its effects by signaling through two in determining treatment strategies for a wide variety of
seven-transmembrane-segment receptors, C-X-C motif cancers, and the inflammatory prognostic index (IPI),
25
24
chemokine receptor 1 (CXCR1) and receptor 2 (CXCR2). have been proposed. The advantage of these laboratory
Activation of the CXCL8-CXCR1/2 signaling pathway indicators lies not only in their low cost but also in the
in the tumor microenvironment of numerous cancers stability and reproducibility of the results. However,
enhances tumor progression by promoting proliferation, the data obtained often contradict each other, and the

Volume 3 Issue 4 (2024) 2 doi: 10.36922/gtm.4865