Page 101 - IJB-10-1

International Journal of Bioprinting 3D bioprinting for musculoskeletal system

the types of mature and functional cells that are typically engineer a 3D diseased skin tissue with pathophysiological
present in adult organs remains unknown. Therefore, it characteristics of type II diabetes in vitro and validated its
is necessary to develop powerful methods to differentiate feasibility as a drug screening tool. Bin et al. developed
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PSCs and promote their maturation. The process of stem bioinks composed of scar dECM and alginate–gelatin (Alg–
cell differentiation in the body is highly sophisticated and Gel) hydrogels with desired mechanical properties to mimic
it is difficult to recapitulate all the cues in vitro. Besides, the the native architecture and microenvironmental factors
combination of physicochemical factors required to induce of human hypertrophic scar (HHS). The bioprinted
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differentiation of human PSCs into specific lineages remains HHS model demonstrated hallmarks of early-stage HHS
unknown. Thus, the interaction between cells and ECM and suitability for rapid drug testing. Since solid tumors
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is another important factor affecting the construction possess complex and heterogeneous structures based on
of in vitro models. ECM biomimetic materials such as various cell types and ECM, 3D-bioprinted tumor models
Matrigel are popular options for building in vitro models. are potential tools for advancing our understanding of
Matrigel is purified extract derived from ECM-producing cancer biology and mechanism of therapeutics. 190,191 Han
tumors that provide both structural support and growth et al. bioprinted in vitro breast cancer models, which can
factors necessary for cell growth and differentiation. accurately recapitulate the pathological micromorphology
Despite practical properties such as cell adhesion and of heterogeneous cancer tissues and trigger drug responses
biodegradability, animal-derived materials are limited similar to those of human cancers. Neufeld et al.
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by poor mechanical properties and batch differences. In developed fibrin glioblastoma bioinks for the bioprinting
addition to the material itself, material design is also an of a glioblastoma model. The bioprinted glioblastoma
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important part of in vitro model system construction. model contains complex blood vessels through which
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For example, in order to accurately guide stem cell blood cells and drugs can be administered, achieving a
differentiation, a series of biocompatible materials such as faithful simulation of the tumor. Hakobyan et al. described
multifunctional hydrogels were designed to simulate the the fabrication of exocrine pancreas spheroid models
mechanical strength and 3D biological structure of bone. using laser-assisted bioprinting approach, which closely
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These hydrogels are promising candidates for bioinks due resembled the initial stages and progression of pancreatic
to their unique high water content structure and adjustable ductal adenocarcinoma. These bioprinted tumor models
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physicochemical properties. offer an opportunity to produce high-throughput drug
3D bioprinting offers a powerful tool for the creation of testing platforms and mimic patient-specific drug reaction
a variety of in vitro disease models due to its high precision, for individualized anticancer therapies. 195
resolution, reproducibility, and capability to scale up Recently, 3D-bioprinted constructs have been
scaffold production. Kim et al. used 3D bioprinting to increasingly investigated as in vitro disease models for
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Table 5. Advances in musculoskeletal disease models

Bioprinting Materials Cell type Cell density Disease model Characteristic Drugs Content Ref.
technology (cells/mL) evaluated
Extrusion Silk, ADSCs 1 × 10 7 Osteoarthritis Three layers; Celecoxib Anti-inflam- 195
PVP, and each layer for and Rhein matory effect
nano-HA cartilage, bone,
and interfa-
cial phase,
respectively
Alginate Chondrocytes - Joint infection - Antibiotic Chondrotox- 198
icity
Inkjet Matrigel hSkMDC 2 × 10 7 Muscle wasting Contractile Caffeine and EPS-induced 197
disease and aligned Tirasemtiv contractile
myofibers force
Microneedle- - BMSCs - Metabolic bone ECM abun- PD98059, Osteogenic 192
based spheroid disease dance compa- U0126, differentia-
assembling rable to natural Icariin, and tion
tissues purmor-
phamine
Abbreviations: PVP: polyvinylpyrrolidone, nano-HA: nano-hydroxyapatites, ADSCs: adipose-derived stem cells, hSkMDC: human skeletal muscle-
derived cells, BMSCs: bone marrow stem cells, ECM: extracellular matrix, EPS: electrical pulse stimulation

Volume 10 Issue 1 (2024) 93 https://doi.org/10.36922/ijb.1037