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International Journal of Bioprinting Coronavirus-infected bioprinted intestine

addressing. The accuracy of cell placement in these models University, 2022; No. RS-2023-00218543) and the National
is vital for mimicking the native environment, highlighting Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grants funded by the
the importance of bioprinting resolution. Additionally, Korea government (MSIT; No. RS-2023-00242443).
100
the choice of bioink is crucial, with the need for optimal
balance in biocompatibility, structural properties, and Conflict of interest
biodegradability. Even though the bioink domain is rapidly The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
evolving, standardizing protocols remains a challenge. The
bioprinting method selected also has its trade-offs: while DLP- Author contributions
SLA is efficient for mass production, it might struggle with
multiple materials, unlike extrusion-based methods which Conceptualization: Min-Hyeok Kim, Sungsu Park,
offer material versatility but might be less efficient for bulk Chwee Teck Lim
production. In essence, while bioprinted intestine-on-chip Visualization: Min-Hyeok Kim
models have potential, they demand careful consideration Writing – original draft: Min-Hyeok Kim, Jeeyeon Lee
and custom strategies to navigate their inherent complexities. Writing – review & editing: Min-Hyeok Kim, Sungsu Park

6. Conclusion Ethics approval and consent to participate
In the early stages of the pandemic, our comprehension of Not applicable.
human coronaviruses was constrained by the limitations
of the available models. Although cell line-based systems, Consent for publication
organoids, and intestine-on-chip platforms provided Not applicable.
valuable insights, they each had inherent challenges.
Notably, while organoid technology unveiled key Availability of data
interactions of SARS-CoV-2 within the human intestine,
the broader applications for other coronaviruses remained Not applicable.
limited, often being studied in specialized settings, such as
human airway organoids. References
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that addresses many of these challenges. It facilitates to understand the gut-brain axis in neurological diseases.
the creation of intricate 3D tissue structures that closely Front Med Technol. 2022;4:931411.
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crypt-villus layout of the intestine. By merging the 2. Prashantha K, Krishnappa A, Muthappa M. 3D bioprinting
strengths of traditional models and rectifying their of gastrointestinal cancer models: a comprehensive review
drawbacks, bioprinted intestinal models stand at the cusp on processing, properties, and therapeutic implications.
of a new research frontier. They possess the potential to Biointerphases. 2023;18(2):020801.
more authentically recapitulate the human intestine’s 3D doi: 10.1116/6.0002372
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In conclusion, the integrated application of organoids, 4. Yi H-G, Kim H, Kwon J, Choi Y-J, Jang J, Cho D-W. Application
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doi: 10.1038/s41392-021-00566-8
on-chip models at the forefront, we are poised to gain a
holistic view of viral pathogenesis, steering the course for 5. V’kovski P, Kratzel A, Steiner S, Stalder H, Thiel V.
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Acknowledgments doi: 10.1038/s41579-020-00468-6
6. Luo X, Zhou G-Z, Zhang Y, Peng L-H, Zou L-P, Yang Y-S.
None. Coronaviruses and gastrointestinal diseases. Mil Med Res.
2020;7(1):49.
Funding doi: 10.1186/s40779-020-00279-z
This work was supported by both the SKKU Global 7. Vabret A, Dina J, Gouarin S, et al. Human (non-severe acute
Research Platform Research Fund (Sungkyunkwan respiratory syndrome) coronavirus infections in hospitalised

Volume 10 Issue 2 (2024) 176 doi: 10.36922/ijb.1704