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International Journal of Bioprinting 3D-printed diabetic diet

Table 2. Hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, chewiness, and adhesiveness of the six food inks
Hardness Springiness Cohesiveness Gumminess Chewiness Adhesiveness
(N) (mm) (N) (N) (gf/s)
Ink-M1-1 3.80 ± 0.49 0.15 ± 0.01 0.20 ± 0.00 0.78 ± 0.10 0.11 ± 0.02 -19.79 ± 1.22
Ink-M1-2 4.00 ± 0.14 0.14 ± 0.01 0.20 ± 0.01 0.79 ± 0.02 0.11 ± 0.01 -18.03 ± 0.53
Ink-M1-3 2.64 ± 0.22 0.13 ± 0.00 0.19 ± 0.01 0.49 ± 0.03 0.07 ± 0.01 -18.19 ± 0.68
Ink-M2-1 1.89 ± 0.16 0.12 ± 0.02 0.19 ± 0.01 0.36 ± 0.03 0.04 ± 0.01 -17.65 ± 1.20
Ink-M2-2 0.54 ± 0.03 0.09 ± 0.01 0.18 ± 0.02 0.10 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.00 -17.11 ± 1.14
Ink-M2-3 3.99 ± 0.18 0.13 ± 0.00 0.20 ± 0.01 0.80 ± 0.03 0.10 ± 0.00 -18.63 ± 0.57

Figure 4. Texture profile analysis of the food inks. (A) Texture profile of the food inks. The values are normalized to the highest value and expressed
between 0 and 1. (B) Fork pressure tests of food samples 3D-printed with the six food inks.

are suitable for patients with dysphagia, we believe that the not retain the indentation from the fork and hence align
same concept can be adopted to evaluate the suitability of with IDDSI Level 3 (liquidized/moderately thick food),
food items for patients with oral ulcer by correlating the indicating that IDDSI Level 3 foods are also soft enough
quantitative texture analysis with IDDSI tests. for patients with oral ulcers.
In the fork pressure test, as depicted in Figure 4B, all Furthermore, the food ingredients, such as Russula
inks exhibited a smooth texture with almost no lump or mushroom and milk powder, are rich in vitamin B 15,54,55
granulation. The fork prongs left a distinct pattern on the and are believed to possess the capacity to accelerate the
surface, and all the food inks except Ink-M2-2 retained healing of oral ulcers.
the indentation from the fork, suggesting these food inks
belong to IDDSI Level 5 (minced and moist). Based on the 3.4. FT-IR of food inks
measured hardness of these food inks, it is concluded that Figure S2A (Supplementary File) depicts the infrared
foods in IDDSI Level 5 (at ~17 kPa) are soft and suitable for spectrum of the six ink formulations, and Figure S2B
patients with oral ulcers. In comparison, Ink-M2-2 could (Supplementary File) presents the infrared spectrum of
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Volume 10 Issue 2 (2024) 304 doi: 10.36922/ijb.1862