Page 341 - IJB-10-2

International Journal of Bioprinting 3D printing with drug for vascular repair

recipient’s circulatory system (reperfusion). This abrupt antioxidant and anti-inflammation substances, stem cells,
change in oxygen supply can trigger the production of and 3D printing, it is anticipated that the fundamental
ROS. 49-51 Additionally, the inflammatory response and challenges of vascular diseases, including the restoration of
immune reactions against the graft contribute to elevated blood vessel functionality and promotion of angiogenesis,
ROS levels, as immune cells generate ROS as part of their can be addressed more effectively.
defense mechanisms. 48,52,53 Moreover, surgical trauma and
tissue manipulation during the transplantation process 2. Materials and methods
can disrupt the tissue’s natural antioxidant defenses, 2.1. Preparation of nanoparticles, statin-loaded
further promoting oxidative stress. Despite the remarkable nanoparticles, and curcumin-loaded nanoparticles
effectiveness of ABVs, cells often struggle to adapt to the Nanoparticles were synthesized using a modified version of
ROS or hypoxic environment at transplant sites. 54-56 This a previously reported method. In this procedure, 0.5 g of
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limitation hinders the translation of their superior efficacy cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) was dissolved
into clinical applications. Therefore, understanding in 1000 mL of deionized water, and 2 mL of 1 M NaOH was
and managing ROS levels during transplantation are of added with continuous stirring. Next, 1 mL of tetraethyl
paramount importance to enhance graft survival and orthosilicate (TEOS) and 0.1 g of N-(2-aminoethyl)-
overall transplant outcomes. 3-aminopropyltrimethoxy silane (AEAPTMS) were
Curcumin, which enhances the antioxidant and anti- separately dissolved in ethanol in a 1:5 volume ratio and
inflammatory responses of cells, has been used to help 1:5 weight ratio, respectively, and added to the solution.
cells adapt to the microenvironment. 57-59 In this study, we The resulting mixture formed a white precipitate, which
combined curcumin with statin to enhance cell function. was filtered, washed, and dried at 80°C for 48 h. To remove
Statins, commonly prescribed to lower cholesterol levels, CTAB, the dried precipitate was dispersed in 100 mL of
have shown remarkable protective effect on cardiovascular ethanol, and 0.3 g of NH NO was added to the solution.
4
3
system by reducing plaque formation and inflammation The mixture was stirred at 60°C for several hours, and
within blood vessels. When statin is applied to endothelial the precipitate was filtered out and dried at 60°C for 12
progenitor cells, it enhances nitric oxide production for h. Subsequently, 0.2 g of ZnCl was dissolved in deionized
2
vasodilation, promotes cell differentiation and maturation, water, and the obtained precipitate was added to the
suppresses inflammation, and fosters vascular growth. zinc solution. The solution was then dried using a rotary
These mechanisms collectively safeguard vascular health evaporator. The resulting powder was further processed
by improving function, promoting restoration, and by centrifugation, followed by multiple washes with water
ensuring endothelial integrity. 60-62 and ethanol, drying at 80°C for 12 h, and finally calcination
at 55°C for more than 5 h. This product was labeled as
Cutting-edge nanotechnological techniques have been nanoparticle (NP). To prepare statin-loaded nanoparticle
employed to optimize the delivery and effectiveness of (NPS) and curcumin-loaded nanoparticle (NPC), 80 mg
statins and curcumin. While loading two different drugs, of NP was dissolved in 80 mL of ethanol and dispersed
the difference in molecular weights and size polarity with ultrasonic waves for 3 min. Simultaneously, 20 mg of
gives rise to a problem in merging and processing. statin and curcumin were dissolved in 20 mL of ethanol
Encapsulating these substances within nanoparticles has and mixed at 300 rpm for 3 min. The two solutions were
several advantages, including enhanced bioavailability, then depressurized under vacuum for 1 h at a pressure of
controlled release, similar characteristics, and targeted 100 bar. Subsequently, the pressure was lowered to 60 bar
delivery. This nanoparticle-based approach not only and maintained for 30 min before the sample was dried
improves the efficiency of the drug achieved with slow, under vacuum at room temperature for 6 h. The resulting
sustained release of the drug, but also minimizes potential products containing statin and curcumin were denoted as
side effects. 63-67 The integration of these advanced NPS and NPC, respectively.
techniques seeks to overcome the limitations of the
existing treatment methods. Previous investigations were 2.2. Characterization of particle size, polydispersity,
conducted utilizing ABVs and statin-loaded nanoparticles. and composition
However, ABVs and statin in isolation present certain Electron microscopy was conducted to qualitatively assess
limitations. To address these limitations, we encapsulated the size and polydispersity of NP, NPS, and NPC. While
the drug within nanoparticles and subsequently loaded preparing sample for bio-transmission electron microscope
these nanoparticles into an ABV to validate the efficacy. (Bio-TEM; Talos L120C TEM, Thermo Fisher Scientific,
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By combining the benefits of nanoparticle function- Carlsbad, CA, USA), 100 μL of the particles sample in
enhancing substances, nanoparticles loaded with deionized water was dropped on copper grid (FCF200-

Volume 10 Issue 2 (2024) 333 doi: 10.36922/ijb.1857