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International Journal of Bioprinting Continuous gradient TPMS bone scaffold

(iii) The streamline of the G-type continuous gradient with or without bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in
porous structure is spiral-shaped, promoting full healthy, diabetic, osteoporotic, and diabetic-osteoporotic rats.
contact between cells, nutrient solution, and bone, and Dent Mater. 2022;38(8):1283-1300
thus facilitating bone repair. Conversely, the streamline doi: 10.1016/j.dental.2022.06.019
of the P-type continuous gradient porous structure is 2. Gao C, Sow WT, Wang Y, et al. Hydrogel composite
linear, resulting in insufficient contact between cells, scaffolds with an attenuated immunogenicity component
nutrients, and bone, which hinders bone repair. for bone tissue engineering applications. J Mater Chem B.
2021;9(8):2033-2041.
(iv) In the process of optimizing bone structure, doi: 10.1039/d0tb02588g
we obtained a function to control the periodic
parameter ω of the bone-like structure. The pores 3. Cui FZ, Zhang Y, Wen HB, Zhu XD. Microstructural
evolution in external callus of human long bone. Mater Sci
within the bone, from the outside to the inside along Eng C. 2000;11(1):27-33.
the radial direction, transition from dense to sparse. doi: 10.1016/S0928-4931(00)00137-5
The G_4x12 model better fulfills the requirements
for human bone reconstruction. 4. Yang Y, Xu T, Zhang Q, Piao Y, Bei HP, Zhao X. Biomimetic,
stiff, and adhesive periosteum with osteogenic–angiogenic
Acknowledgments coupling effect for bone regeneration. Small. 2021;17(14):
2006598.
None. doi: 10.1002/smll.202006598
5. Shimoda M, Hikasa M, Ali MA. Micropore shape
Funding optimization of porous laminated shell structures. Addit
This work was supported by the funding for School- Manuf. 2023;69:103530.
doi: 10.1016/j.addma.2023.103530
Level Research Projects of the Yancheng Institute of
Technology (No. XJR2020033) and the Innovative and 6. Zheng X, Guo X, Watanabe I. A mathematically defined
Entrepreneurial Talent Foundation of Jiangsu Province 3D auxetic metamaterial with tunable mechanical and
(No. JSSCRC2021545). conduction properties. Mater Des. 2021;198:109313.
doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2020.109313
Conflict of interest 7. Ma S, Tang Q, Han X, et al. Manufacturability, mechanical
properties, mass-transport properties and biocompatibility
The authors declare no conflicts of interest. of triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) porous
scaffolds fabricated by selective laser melting. Mater Des.
Author contributions 2020;195:109034.
Conceptualization: Shuangyu Liu, Jinlong Feng doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2020.109034
Formal analysis: Ping Lu, Sen Lu 8. Hu C, Lin H. Heterogeneous porous scaffold generation
Methodology: Weibo Jiang, Tatiana Mikhailovna Vasilieva using trivariate B-spline solids and triply periodic minimal
Writing – original draft: Jinlong Feng surfaces. Graph Models. 2021;115:101105.
Writing – review & editing: Shuangyu Liu, Fulong Zhang doi: 10.1016/j.gmod.2021.101105
9. Li Y, Mao Q, Yin J, Wang Y, Fu J, Huang Y. Theoretical
Ethics approval and consent to participate prediction and experimental validation of the digital light
processing (DLP) working curve for photocurable materials.
Not applicable. Addit Manuf. 2021;37:101716.
doi: 10.1016/j.addma.2020.101716
Consent for publication
10. Zhang Z-y, Zhang H, Zhang J, Qin S-k, Duan M-d. Study on
Not applicable. flow field characteristics of TPMS porous materials. J Braz
Soc Mech Sci Eng. 2023;45(4):188.
Availability of data doi: 10.1007/s40430-023-04113-0
The data that support the findings of this study are available 11. Qiu N, Wan Y, Shen Y, Fang J. Experimental and numerical
from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. studies on mechanical properties of TPMS structures. Int J
Mech Sci. 2024;261:108657.
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Volume 10 Issue 2 (2024) 328 doi: 10.36922/ijb.2306