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International Journal of Bioprinting 3D-bioprinted macrophage inflammation model

therapeutic interventions, marking a significant stride Conflict of interest
toward personalized medicine.
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
The established model can be further expanded and
modified, allowing for exploration of the multifaceted, Author contributions
dynamic processes of wound healing and regeneration,
including tissue mimicry, macrophage behavior, and Conceptualization: Nimal Raveendran, Kanchan Vaswani,
Pingping Han, Corey S. Moran, Sašo Ivanovski
intricate cell–cell interactions. This opens avenues for Formal analysis: Nimal Raveendran, Pingping Han, Corey
a more comprehensive understanding of physiological S. Moran, Sašo Ivanovski
processes and pathophysiological conditions, providing Funding acquisition: Sašo Ivanovski
a robust foundation for advancements in regenerative Investigation: Nimal Raveendran, Kanchan Vaswani,
medicine, drug development, and personalized healthcare. Saraswat Basu
The versatility of the developed model positions it as a Methodology: Nimal Raveendran, Kanchan Vaswani,
valuable tool for unraveling the complexities of biological Saraswat Basu, Sašo Ivanovski
systems and holds promise for diverse applications in Project administration: Nimal Raveendran, Corey S.
biomedical research and clinical practice.
Moran, Sašo Ivanovski
In terms of future directions, a comprehensive study of Supervision: Sašo Ivanovski
all cells contributing to the inflammatory milieu would be Validation: Nimal Raveendran, Pingping Han, Corey S. Moran
important to model the entire inflammatory process. To Visualization: Nimal Raveendran, Pingping Han
this end, the current model requires further optimization Writing – original draft: Nimal Raveendran, Kanchan Vaswani
to accurately mimic the in vivo tissue inflammatory process Writing – review & editing: Corey S. Moran, Sašo Ivanovski
by characterization of a 3D construct carrying the myriad
of different cells found in native tissues. Ethics approval and consent to participate

4. Conclusion Not applicable.

This study aimed to optimize the 3D bioprinting method Consent for publication
for THP-1 cells and evaluate macrophage differentiation Not applicable.
and polarization within the bioprinted construct under
culture conditions. Optimal concentration of PMA and Availability of data
LPS for M0 differentiation and M1 polarization within
the 3D-bioprinted model were determined, and the anti- Data is available from the corresponding author upon
inflammatory action of Ibu against these cells within the reasonable request.
construct was demonstrated. However, further model
validation is required using different pro-inflammatory References
stimuli and anti-inflammatory drugs. The 3D constructs
developed in this study are limited in their ability to 1. Merien F. A journey with Elie Metchnikoff: from innate
replicate human tissues or organs due to the sole inclusion cell mechanisms in infectious diseases to quantum biology.
Front Public Health. 2016;4:125.
of only a single cell type (macrophages). As such, this doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2016.00125
research serves as an important step toward establishing
clinically relevant inflamed tissue models, and there is a 2. Lokaj J, John C. Ilya Ilich Metchnikov and Paul Ehrlich:
need for future studies to incorporate diverse cell types in 1908 Nobel Prize winners for their research on immunity.
Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol. 2008;57(4):119-124.
multicellular constructs to achieve more comprehensive
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modelling the effect of natural products on human tissue.
Acknowledgments Curr Pharm Des. 2015;21(38):5605-5616.
doi: 10.2174/1381612821666151002114227
The authors would like to thank Colgate-Palmolive, NY, 4. Kapalczynska M, Kolenda T, Przybyla W, et al. 2D and 3D
USA for their financial support.
cell cultures - a comparison of different types of cancer cell
cultures. Arch Med Sci. 2018;14(4):910-919.
Funding doi: 10.5114/aoms.2016.63743
This research was funded by Colgate-Palmolive 5. Jensen C, Teng Y. Is it time to start transitioning from 2D to
industrial grant. 3D cell culture? Front Mol Biosci. 2020;7:33.

Volume 10 Issue 2 (2024) 409 doi: 10.36922/ijb.2116