Page 333 - IJB-10-3

International Journal of Bioprinting Acoustic analysis of 3D-printed ossicles

Table 1. Viscoelastic parameters of tissue materials of various established ossicular chain model is reliable and accurate,
parts of the tympanic chamber as shown in Figures 2 and 3.
Structure e 1 τ 1 2.1. Performance test of materials
Ligamentum annuli tympani 3.2 28 Titanium alloys, stainless steels, hydroxyapatite, and
Tensor of tympanic membrane 2.8 25 polycaprolactone composite (HA/PCL) materials are
Flaccid part of tympanic membrane 2.29 25 orthopedic materials with good biocompatibility.
Anvil hammer joint 3.0 20 Therefore, we used these materials for research and
analysis to compare the performance of different ossicular
Incudo stapes joint 50 20 materials using 3D printing. We replaced the corresponding
Ligaments of stapes ring 2.4 25 positions with these materials and conducted steady-state
dynamic analysis on the ossicular chain model. Laser
We conducted verification of the displacement powder metal sintering (SLM) was employed for titanium
of the stapes floor and tympanic umbilicus using the alloys and stainless steels, while fused deposition (FDM)
established middle ear finite element model. We then was used for HA/PCL materials. The mechanical property
compared the displacement and phase angle results with and biocompatibility of the printed samples were tested.
the experimental findings from Gan et al. According to 2.2. Mechanical property test
9
our results, the displacements were found to be very small, A series of mechanical property tests on the molded
falling in the micrometer to nanometer range. To clearly 3D-printed samples were performed to identify relevant
illustrate the trend and behavior of these displacements, parameters, and these mechanical property parameters
we utilized a logarithmic scale for plotting. The exported between the three materials were compared. These tests
model demonstrated sufficient capability to simulate the included tensile tests, hardness tests, friction and wear
dynamic behavior of the human middle ear. Through the tests, roughness profile tests, sample density tests, and
comparison with experimental data, we confirmed that the electrochemical corrosion tests. Hardness testing is based

Table 2. Material properties used for the finite element modeling
Structure component Density (kg/m ) Young’s modulus/Bulk modulus (Pa)
3
Tympanic membrane (pars tensa) 1.20 × 10 3 3.00 × 10 7
Tympanic membrane (pars flaccida) 1.20 × 10 3 1.00 × 10 7
Ligamentum annuli tympani 1.20 × 10 3 3.00 × 10 5
Malleus (head) 2.55 × 10 3 1.41 × 10 10
Malleus (neck) 4.53× 10 3 1.41 × 10 10
Malleus (handle) 3.70 × 10 3 1.41 × 10 10
Incus (long process) 5.08 × 10 3 1.41 × 10 10
Incus (short process) 2.26 × 10 3 1.41 × 10 10
Incus (body) 2.36 × 10 3 1.41 × 10 10
Stapes 2.20 × 10 3 1.41 × 10 10
Stapes muscle 1.20 × 10 3 5.20 × 10 5
Manubrium 1.00 × 10 3 4.70 × 10 9
Incudomalleolar joint 3.20 × 10 3 1.41 × 10 10
Incudostapedial joint 1.20 × 10 3 4.40 × 10 5
Stapedial annular ligament 1.20 × 10 3 1.50 × 10 4
Superior suspensory ligament of malleus 1.20 × 10 3 4.90 × 10 6
Anterior malleolar ligament 1.20 × 10 3 2.1× 10 7
Ligamentum mallei lateralis 1.20 × 10 3 6.7 × 10 6
Superior suspensory ligament of incus 1.20 × 10 3 4.9× 10 6
Posterior incus ligament 1.20 × 10 3 6.5× 10 6

Volume 10 Issue 3 (2024) 325 doi: 10.36922/ijb.2040