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International Journal of Bioprinting Engineered 3D-printed PVA vascular grafts

Figure 16. Aspects of blood in the presence of samples and controls before incubation (left). Aspects of the supernatant following a 3-h incubation of blood
in the presence of the grafts and centrifugation (right). No obvious changes in the supernatant of the samples were observed com

test measures the ability of the material to provoke the such as thermal treatment duration, crosslinking time,
destruction of the erythrocytes in whole blood through and biofunctionalization processes, yielded suitable
measurements of released hemoglobin in the plasma, 3D-printed PVA channels for small vascular grafts.
following a 3-h incubation with the graft. The degree of Biofunctionalized PVA grafts exhibited favorable fatigue
hemolysis was calculated according to the guidelines, resistance under continuous flow, mimicking normal
and the results were interpreted accordingly. The vasculature conditions in small veins. 3D printing
hemolysis level induced by the vascular graft was below emerged as a crucial technique in PVA graft development,
2%, as recommended by ASTM F756-13, highlighting offering a rapid and efficient means to design and fabricate
the hemocompatibility of the material in whole blood PVA channels.
(Figure 16; Table 3).
3D printing can also be employed to produce vascular
4. Conclusion grafts with other dimensions, according to preclinical
conditions. This work provides a novel approach for the
An innovative protocol for the fabrication of small design of small vascular grafts, as well as a candidate with
vascular grafts by 3D printing was successfully the potential to revolutionize therapeutic applications,
developed in this work. The results demonstrate that from coronary artery bypass to customized treatments
PVA is a suitable synthetic polymer for vascular graft for peripheral arterial diseases. One important aspect
development under specific conditions. Thermal of 3D printing technology is its versatility, which opens
treatment notably influenced PVA channels by enhancing possibilities for efficient and personalized vascular graft
crystallinity and modifying crosslinking behavior, while treatment in a range of clinical contexts.
biofunctionalization improved biocompatibility and
immune response. Optimal combinations of parameters, Acknowledgments

None.
Table 3. Evaluation of hemocompatibility of modified
vascular grafts
Funding
Sample Hemolysis level (%) This work was supported by a grant from the Ministry
Control of Research, Innovation, and Digitization (CNCS/
Positive 83.71 ± 4.9 CCCDI–UEFISCDI; project number: PN-III-P4-ID-
Negative 0.87 ± 0.14 PCE-2020-1448; within PNCDI III).
Graft
1 1.49 ± 0.67 Conflict of interest
2 1.502 ± 0.52 The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Volume 10 Issue 3 (2024) 553 doi: 10.36922/ijb.2193