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International Journal of Bioprinting                           Biomechanical mimic-based artificial oviduct system




            mouse embryos, as it provides a physical environment that   Ethics approval and consent to participate
            mimics the natural conditions of the oviduct. Cells sense   Not applicable.
            and respond to mechanical forces and biophysical aspects
            of the surrounding ECM or biomaterial. The mechanical   Consent for publication
            aspects of biomaterial–cell interactions can determine
            the body’s reaction to a material and thus the long-term   Not applicable.
            therapeutic outcome for medical implants.  Therefore, it
                                               20
            is essential to consider mechanical forces in engineering   Availability of data
            biomaterials to interface with the body and implantation   Data  are  available  from  the  corresponding  author  upon
            of therapeutic cells or tissue constructs.         reasonable request.
                                           39
            5. Conclusion                                      References
            The GelMA hydrogel-based artificial oviduct was
            developed in the present study and used as an embryonic   1.   Jain M, Singh M. Assisted reproductive technology (ART)
            culture platform to promote blastocyte formation in   techniques. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls;
                                                                  2023.
            mammalian embryos. This suggests the biomechanical
            environment provided by hydrogel has a crucial role in   2.   Howie R, Kay V. Controlled ovarian stimulation for in-vitro
            preimplantation embryo development as demonstrated    fertilization. Br J Hosp Med (Lond). 2018;79:194-199.
            by significant changes to the transcriptional profile and      doi: 10.12968/hmed.2018.79.4.194
            improved embryonic development. Therefore, the GelMA-  3.   Palermo GD, O’Neill CL, Chow S, et al. Intracytoplasmic
            based hydrogel could potentially be used in culturing   sperm injection: state of the art in humans. Reproduction.
            human embryos to enhance embryo quality and increase   2017;154:F93-F110.
            pregnancy ratios using ARTs.                          doi: 10.1530/REP-17-0374
                                                               4.   Casciani V, Monseur B, Cimadomo D, Alvero R, Rienzi
            Acknowledgments                                       L. Oocyte and embryo cryopreservation in assisted
                                                                  reproductive  technology:  past  achievements  and  current
            Figure 1, created using BioRender and Autodesk Inventor   challenges. Fertil Steril. 2023;120:506-520.
            2023 software.                                        doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2023.06.005

            Funding                                            5.   Matsuzaki S. Mechanobiology of the female reproductive
                                                                  system. Reprod Med Biol. 2021;20:371-401.
            This research was supported by a grant from the National      doi: 10.1002/rmb2.12404
            Research Foundation of Korea (2019R1A2C1086882), the   6.   Hawkins J, Miao X, Cui W, Sun Y. Biophysical optimization
            Korean  Health  Technology  R&D  Project  (HI21C1713),   of  preimplantation embryo  culture:  what  mechanics  can
            and the Next-generation Intelligence Semiconductor    offer ART. Mol Hum Reprod. 2021;27:gaaa087.
            Foundation  (20023549)  funded  by  the  Ministry  of  the      doi: 10.1093/molehr/gaaa087
            Trade Industry and Energy, Republic of Korea.      7.   Gu Z, Guo J, Wang H, Wen Y, Gu Q. Bioengineered
                                                                  microenvironment to culture early embryos.  Cell Prolif.
            Conflict of interest                                  2020;53:e12754.
                                                                  doi: 10.1111/cpr.12754
            The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
                                                               8.   Perez-Cerezales S, Ramos-Ibeas P, Acuna OS, et al. The
            Author contributions                                  oviduct: from sperm selection to the epigenetic landscape of
                                                                  the embryo. Biol Reprod. 2018;98:262-276.
            Conceptualization:  Yun Dong Koo, Min-Hee Kang,       doi: 10.1093/biolre/iox173
               Dahong Kim                                      9.   Korenaga M, Kadota, T. Changes in mechanical properties
            Formal analysis: Geehong Kim                          of the circular muscle of the isthmus of the human fallopian
            Investigation: Min Jeong Cho, Yu Jin Kim              tube in relation to hormonal domination and postovulatory
            Methodology: JuYi Jang, Seon Ju Yeo                   time. Fertil Steril. 1981;36:343-350.
            Writing – original draft: Yun Dong Koo, Min-Hee Kang,      doi: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)45736-5
               Dahong Kim                                      10.  Aviles M, Gutierrez-Adan A, Coy P. Oviductal secretions:
            Writing – review & editing: Su A Park, Jae Ho Lee     will they be key factors for the future ARTs?  Mol Hum
            All authors have read and agreed to the published version   Reprod. 2010;16:896-906.
               of the manuscript.                                 doi: 10.1093/molehr/gaq056


            Volume 10 Issue 4 (2024)                       456                                doi: 10.36922/ijb.3346
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