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Revealing emerging science and technology research for dentistry applications of 3D bioprinting
3. 3D Bioprinting Global Trends for Dental to the most recent and representative studies from the
Applications documents analysed for each global trend:

The main findings from the current research show three 4. Discussion and Conclusions
principal S&T drivers for knowledge management (Table 1).
Specific research efforts were identified for each of To face current global changes, it is important to keep
these trends. The following tables (Tables 2-4) correspond abreast of breakthrough technologies including detecting

Table 1. 3D bioprinting global trends for dental applications
S&T driver Description
Scaffolds development Creation of hybrid and biphasic scaffolds to regenerate periodontal tissue and alveolar bone
Analysis ofnatural and synthetic materials Emphasis on biodegradable synthetic polymers such as PCL, PLA, PGA, and PLGA that are combined
with bioceramics such as HA
Study of the scaffold functional characteristics Assessment and improvement of properties such as fiber orientation, porosity, and geometry
S&T: Science and technology, PCL: Polycaprolactone, PLA: Polylactic acid, PGA: Polyglycolic acid, PLGA: Polylactide-co-glycolic acid, HA: Hydroxyapatite

Table 2. Global trend: Scaffolds development
Article Institution/country Description
Rasperini et al. “3D-printed University of Milan Italy University The first reported human case of treating a large periodontal osseous
[34]
bioresorbable scaffold for of Michigan USA Dankook University defect with a 3D-printed bioresorbable patient-specific polymer
periodontal repair” South Korea scaffold and signaling growth factor
Costa et al. “advanced tissue University of Minho headquarters of Construction of biphasic scaffolds by attaching a fused
[35]
engineering scaffold design for the European Institute of Excellence on deposition-modeled bone compartment to a melt electrospun
regeneration of the complex Tissue Engineering and Regenerative periodontal compartment. The main purpose is to simultaneously
hierarchical periodontal structure” Medicine Portugal Queensland regenerate alveolar bone, periodontal ligament, and cementum
University of Technology Australia
Sichuan University China Griffith
University Australia
Lee et al. “3D printed multiphase Columbia University Medical Center Development of multiphase region-specific micro scaffolds with
[36]
scaffolds for regeneration of US spatiotemporal delivery of bioactive cues for integrated periodontium
periodontium complex” regeneration. It is demonstrated that by seeding these scaffolds
with DPSCs, PDLSCs, or ABSCs, distinctive tissue phenotypes can
be formed with collagen I-rich fibers especially by PDLSCs and
mineralized tissues.
3D: Three-dimensional, PDLSCs: Periodontal ligament stem cells, DPSCs: Dental pulp stem/progenitor cells, ABSCs: Alveolar bone stem/progenitor cells

Table 3. Global trend: Analysis of natural and synthetic materials
Article Institution/Country Description
[33]
Asa’ad et al. “3D-printed University of Milan PCL is the most used biomaterial for periodontal applications due to its biocompatibility,
scaffolds and biomaterials: Italy University of suitability for various scaffold fabrication techniques, remarkably slow degradation rate and
Review of alveolar Michigan USA mechanical stability. It might enhance the maintenance of produced bone volume and the bone
bone augmentation and contour over time. Similar to PCL, PLA, and PLGA are hydrophobic while PGA is hydrophilic.
periodontal regeneration They are usually combined with bioceramics such as calcium phosphates for alveolar bone
applications” regeneration. The predominant calcium phosphate ceramic in BTE is HA because it has the
same chemical composition as native bone minerals
Ma et al. “bioprinted Xi’an Jiaotong PDLSCs have been found to promote formation of new bone, cementum and functional periodontal
[37]
microarray for screening University China ligament in diseased periodontium when properly stimulated. A high throughput method for
the response of peridontal testing the response of PLDSCs to the different gradient of biomaterials was developed. This
ligament stem cells response method exhibits that bioprinting can be utilized as a tool to screen cell-biomaterial interactions
to GelMA/PEG hydrogels” in a more efficient way.
Sharma et al. ESIC Dental College The biomaterials for tooth regeneration are categorized as natural or synthetic. Natural
[32]
“biomaterials in tooth tissue and Hospital India biomaterials are proteins such as collagen, fibrin, and silk and polysaccharides such as chitosan,
Engineering: A review” hyaluronic acid, alginate, and agarose. Synthetic biomaterials can be organic like organic
polymers such as PLA, PGA, PLGA, and PCL. Moreover, they can also be inorganic, as with
calcium phosphate materials such as HA or β TCP and compositions of silicate and phosphate
glasses. PLA, PGA, PLGA, and PCL are the few polymers that are commonly used for forming
porous scaffolds. Synthetic polymers are the most frequent materials employed for teeth
regeneration
BTE: Bone tissue engineering, PCL: Polycaprolactone, PLA: Polylactic acid, PGA: Polyglycolic acid, PLGA: Polylactide-co-glycolic acid, HA: Hydroxyapatite,
3D: Three-dimensional, PDLSCs: Periodontal ligament stem cells, β TCP: Beta-tricalcium phosphate
4 International Journal of Bioprinting (2019)–Volume 5, Issue 1