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International Journal of Bioprinting 3D bioprinting for organoid-derived EVs

and reproducible are essential for clinical applications. 5. Conclusion and outlooks
Additionally, regulatory guidelines need to be established
to govern the production and use of bioprinted EVs in The integration of 3D bioprinting with EVs and organoids
clinical settings. represents a cutting-edge approach with tremendous
potential in precision medicine. Overcoming technical
Optimizing the enrichment of EVs is another critical challenges, standardizing production processes, optimizing
challenge. Current methods for EV isolation, such as EV enrichment, and conducting further research to
ultracentrifugation, size-exclusion chromatography, and validate their efficacy are crucial steps in harnessing the
immunoaffinity capture, often result in low yields and full potential of 3D-bioprinted OEVs for personalized
purity. Enhancing these techniques or developing new medicine and regenerative therapies. Continued research
methods to increase the efficiency of EV enrichment is and innovation will pave the way for new therapeutic
necessary. Additionally, understanding the heterogeneity avenues, improving the treatment of complex diseases and
of EV populations and identifying therapeutically relevant advancing personalized medicine. As this field progresses,
subtypes are crucial for optimizing enrichment processes. the significant potential of 3D-bioprinted OEVs will
Continued advancements in 3D bioprinting technology, become increasingly apparent, offering promising
including improvements in printer resolution, speed, solutions for various medical applications and enhancing
and bioink formulations, are essential for the successful patient outcomes in the future.
integration of EVs with bioprinted organoids. Innovations
such as multi-material printing and real-time monitoring Acknowledgments
of the bioprinting process can enhance the precision and All figures were created using BioRender.
functionality of bioprinted constructs. Furthermore,
developing bioinks that can support the encapsulation Funding
and controlled release of EVs will be crucial for creating
effective therapeutic constructs. This work was supported by the National Research
Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Republic of
While the bioprinted EVs, particularly OEVs, Korea government (2022R1C1C1009606), and the Basic
show promising therapeutic potential in various fields, Science Research Program through the National Research
further research is necessary to validate their efficacy Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of
across various therapeutic applications. OEVs may offer Education (2022R1I1A1A01071265).
advantages over traditional EVs in terms of quantity and
physiological effects, making them more suitable for Conflict of interest
therapeutic applications. By exploring a broader range
of 3D-bioprinted OEVs in different therapeutic areas The authors declare they have no competing interests
such as chronic inflammatory diseases, researchers can
uncover new applications and maximize the utility of Author contributions
bioprinted EVs. Conceptualization: Mi-Kyung Oh, Kyung-Rok Yu
Despite the promising prospects, research on Writing – original draft: All authors
3D-bioprinted OEVs is still limited and their application Writing – review & editing: Mi-Kyung Oh, Kyung-Rok Yu
as a therapeutic tool remains largely unexplored. The
potential of 3D-bioprinted OEVs in revolutionizing Ethics approval and consent to participate
biomedical research and providing new therapeutic Not applicable.
avenues for complex diseases, particularly inflammatory
conditions, is substantial. As 3D bioprinting technology Consent for publication
advances and multifunctional integrated organoids are
developed, the ability to simulate the human body’s Not applicable.
physiological environment and functions in vitro will
improve. These integrated organoids can be used to study Availability of data
complex disease mechanisms, test drug efficacy and Not applicable.
toxicity, and develop personalized treatment strategies. The
ability to extract more effective OEVs from these advanced References
models will meet the demands of disease treatment and
showcase the significant potential of 3D-bioprinted OEVs 1. Karami Fath M, Azami J, Jaafari N, et al. Exosome application
in benefiting patients. in treatment and diagnosis of B-cell disorders: leukemias,

Volume 10 Issue 5 (2024) 112 doi: 10.36922/ijb.4054