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International Journal of Bioprinting 3D bioprinting for nanoparticle evaluation

patient outcomes through personalized and precise into artificial blood vessels shows promise in improving
medical interventions. 60,61 ischemic repair. Meanwhile, the use of magnetic NPs for
targeted drug delivery effectively addresses stenosis in
4.1. Three-dimensional bioprinted human auricular blood vessels. Furthermore, the development of cell-laden
model for cyclosporine A- and coenzyme Q10- blood vessels with dual drug delivery systems represents
loaded solid lipid nanoparticles a significant leap forward, offering comprehensive
The study by Yalgın et al. used 3D bioprinting technology solutions for vascular regeneration. These interdisciplinary
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to develop human auricular models for evaluating the approaches underscore the transformative potential of
effects of SLNs loaded with cyclosporine A (CycA) combining 3D bioprinting with nanotechnology in the
and coenzyme Q10 (Q10) on cell growth. The authors field of regenerative medicine.
employed biocompatible materials such as alginate,
polylactic acid (PLA), and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) using 5.1. Bioprinting of artificial blood vessels
an Ultimaker-2 3D printer to create models that mimic with rapamycin-loaded nanoparticles for
human ear structures (Figure 4A). The primary goal is vascular regeneration
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to assess the suitability of these 3D-printed models for The study by Choi et al. explored an approach using 3D
NIH-3T3 fibroblast growth in the presence of CycA and bioprinting technology to fabricate artificial blood vessels
Q10 SLNs. The 3D printing process involves creating loaded with rapamycin-loaded NPs. This method aims to
precise, layer-by-layer models from these biocompatible address significant clinical challenges posed by vascular
materials. Alginate, PLA, and PVA were tested for their diseases, such as restenosis following interventions like
ability to serve as scaffolds for cell growth. However, due stent placement. 67–69 The researchers utilized 3D bioprinting
to mechanical instability, alginate hydrogels were less to create artificial blood vessels that closely mimic natural
suitable, while PLA provided a stable scaffold conducive vascular architecture. This technique allowed for precise
to NP incorporation. The study utilized a high-shear control over the dimensions and structure of the vessels,
homogenization technique to prepare the SLNs, which were ensuring they were tailored to the specific needs of the
then incorporated into the PLA models. The incorporation patient. The customization capabilities of 3D printing are
of SLNs into the 3D-printed PLA models allowed for a crucial for creating patient-specific solutions, which are
controlled release of CycA and Q10, enabling a detailed more effective and less likely to be rejected by the body.
evaluation of their effects on cell viability and growth. One of the significant advancements in this study was the
MTT assays were used to measure cell viability, showing integration of NPs within the 3D-printed vessels. These
that Q10-SLNs significantly enhanced cell proliferation NPs were made from mesoporous silica, characterized
and mitigated the cytotoxic effects of CycA. Specifically, by their small size and porous nature, which allowed for
while CycA-SLNs alone resulted in lower cell viability, efficient drug loading and controlled release. The study
the addition of Q10-SLNs to the PLA models improved focused on rapamycin, a drug known for its potent ability
cell viability to a substantial degree (Figure 4B). Three- to prevent restenosis by inhibiting smooth muscle cell
dimensional bioprinting offers significant advantages for proliferation. By encapsulating rapamycin in NPs, the
tissue engineering, particularly in creating patient-specific authors aimed to achieve sustained and localized drug
models with complex geometries. This study demonstrates delivery, thereby enhancing its therapeutic efficacy while
that 3D-printed PLA auricular models effectively support minimizing systemic side effects. The bioprinting process
fibroblast growth and NP delivery, providing a stable involved creating a bioink composed of a mixture of
environment for evaluating SLNs. 62 sodium alginate and atelocollagen, which was used to
print the vessel’s structure. The core material, a sacrificial
5. Three-dimensional bioprinted cardiovas- substance made from Pluronic® F-127, was used to create
cular and vascular models the lumen of the blood vessels. Endothelial progenitor cells
(EPCs) were also incorporated into the bioink to promote
Recent advancements in 3D bioprinting technologies re-endothelialization, a critical process for long-term vessel
have significantly propelled the field of cardiovascular functionality and integration into the host tissue. To
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and vascular regeneration. These cutting-edge techniques evaluate the effectiveness of the 3D-printed vessels, Choi et
enable the fabrication of complex, functional blood al. included both in vitro and in vivo experiments. In vitro,
vessel structures, which are crucial for treating various the researchers assessed the stability and drug release profile
vascular conditions. 63–66 Key studies have demonstrated of the rapamycin-loaded NPs. The NPs demonstrated a
the potential of integrating drug-loaded NPs within slow and controlled release of rapamycin, maintaining
3D-bioprinted constructs to enhance therapeutic its concentration at therapeutic levels over an extended
outcomes. The incorporation of rapamycin-loaded NPs period. This controlled release is essential for preventing

Volume 10 Issue 5 (2024) 12 doi: 10.36922/ijb.4273