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International Journal of Bioprinting 3D bioprinting for nanoparticle evaluation

cancer cells within the bioprinted construct, a live/dead vitro cytotoxicity tests on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell
cell assay was employed using ethidium homodimer and lines revealed lower cell viability and higher cell growth
calcein AM. Confocal microscopy allowed for detailed inhibition rates, confirming the dual antitumor and
visualization of cell viability, highlighting the effectiveness anti-inflammatory activities of the MLX-NCS. This dual
of the bioprinting method in maintaining a viable and functionality is particularly significant in highly invasive
functional tissue model. The core of this research focuses estrogen-dependent MDA-MB-231 cells, attributed to
on the thermal properties and heat generation of AuNRs the high expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). This
embedded within the bioprinted constructs. When study utilized 3D bioprinting technology to evaluate
irradiated with a near-infrared (NIR) laser, the AuNRs the nanostructured particles, and the researchers used
generate localized heat, which is critical for PPTT. The study acrylamide and bis-acrylamide hydrogels combined with
utilized infrared (IR) microthermography to measure the MCF-7 cells to print 3D scaffolds, which were then used to
temperature distribution across the tissue construct. This assess the cell growth inhibition efficacy of MLX-NCS. The
non-contact method provides high-resolution thermal 3D-printed cell cultures exhibited distinct drug release and
maps, essential for understanding the thermal behavior of cytotoxicity profiles compared to 2D cultures. MLX-NCS
AuNRs within the complex tissue environment. demonstrated more sustained and controlled MLX release,
beneficial for maintaining therapeutic drug levels over
One of the significant advantages of this bioprinted extended periods. The study showed that NCS releases
model is its ability to simulate various depths and layers MLX with an initial burst followed by sustained release,
of human tissue, providing a comprehensive analysis helping maintain the minimum therapeutic concentration
of heat distribution and thermal damage. The model required for effective treatment. Furthermore, the study’s
enables precise control over the AuNRs’ depth, allowing findings indicate that MLX-NCS can exert antitumor
for detailed studies on how depth affects heat generation effects in 3D-printed scaffolds without relying on the COX-
and cancer cell viability. The results indicated a sharp 2 enzyme. This suggests that MLX can have antitumor
decrease in temperature variation with increasing depth, effects independent of COX-2 expression. In summary,
emphasizing the need for precise control in clinical the research by Rarokar et al. demonstrates the potential
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settings to avoid damage to surrounding healthy tissues. of MLX-loaded NCS as an effective cancer drug delivery
Nam et al. proposed a thermal prediction equation to system. By utilizing 3D bioprinting technology, the study
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estimate temperature variations based on laser power provides a robust tool for evaluating the antitumor efficacy
density and AuNR concentration. This predictive model of MLX-NCS in a 3D environment that reflects the stability
is instrumental for optimizing PPTT parameters, ensuring and sustained release characteristics of the NPs. 40
effective and selective thermal damage to cancer cells
while minimizing harm to normal tissues. This highlights 2.6. Three-dimensional bioprinted glioblastoma
significant progress in tissue engineering and demonstrates models for paclitaxel- and sorafenib-loaded solid
the benefits of using bioprinted models for evaluating lipid nanoparticles
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NP-based treatments. 38 In the study conducted by Arduino et al., the use of solid
lipid NPs (SLNs) for drug delivery in glioblastoma models
2.5. Three-dimensional printed acrylamide- was explored by leveraging 3D bioprinting technology.
based scaffolds for evaluating meloxicam-loaded The authors utilized SLNs as they offer numerous
nanostructured colloidal self-assemblies in advantages over other colloidal systems. SLNs provide
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breast cancer a stable matrix that can encapsulate both hydrophobic
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The study conducted by Rarokar et al. focuses on and hydrophilic drugs, ensuring controlled and sustained
evaluating the antitumor and anti-inflammatory efficacy release while minimizing systemic toxicity. Despite these
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of meloxicam-loaded nanostructured colloidal self- benefits, traditional bulk methods of SLN production
assembly (MLX-NCS) using 3D-printed scaffolds. This face significant challenges in terms of reproducibility and
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research emphasizes the use of nanostructured colloidal scalability, limiting their clinical translation. To address
self-assembly (NCS) as a promising drug delivery carrier these challenges, the study employed a microfluidic
in cancer treatment, enhancing drug circulation half- technique for the preparation of SLNs. This method allows
life and cellular internalization. The formulation of for continuous, controlled synthesis of NPs with a narrow
NCS involved glyceryl monoolein and Pluronic® F127, size distribution and high batch-to-batch reproducibility.
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optimized through quality-by-design experiments. The By optimizing microfluidic parameters, the researchers
resulting NCS demonstrated an average particle size of were able to produce SLNs with an average diameter
185.5 nm, high meloxicam (MLX) encapsulation efficiency of approximately 100 nm, a size conducive to effective
of 94.74%, and sustained drug release over 24 hours. In cellular uptake and drug delivery. The study conducted

Volume 10 Issue 5 (2024) 8 doi: 10.36922/ijb.4273