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International Journal of Bioprinting 3D bioprinting of collagen hydrogels

Figure 5. In vitro biocompatibility and bioactivity of the collagen biomaterial scaffold (CML-scaffold): (A) cytotoxicity, (B) cell proliferation rate, (C)
live/dead cell staining, (D) immunofluorescence staining, (E) cell migration, (F) cell migration rate, and (G) expression of differentiation-related genes
of HFF-1 cells cultured on the CML-scaffold. Data is expressed as mean ± standard deviation (n = 3); p < 0.05, p < 0.001. Scale bars: 300 µm (C–E).
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Abbreviations: α-SMA: Alpha smooth muscle actin; Col: Collagen.

and customization to fit the damaged area’s unique needs. healing rates of 25.77 and 47.74%, respectively. By day 7,
This method also reduces risks of contamination and a portion of the scab naturally fell off in the CML-
complications associated with handling, sterilization, and scaffold group, resulting in a wound healing rate of
implantation of pre-fabricated scaffolds. Additionally, in 62.58% compared to 82.38% in the control group. On
situ printing allows for real-time adjustments during the day 14, scabs fell off in both groups, with wound healing
printing process, accommodating changes in the surgical rates of 82.38 and 98.07%, respectively. By day 21, the
environment or tissue characteristics that are not possible wound closure rates for the control and CML-scaffold
with pre-fabricated scaffolds. This approach enhances the groups were 90.42 and 99.07%, respectively. On day 28,
efficiency and effectiveness of the treatment. the wounds in the CML-scaffold group were entirely
Photographs of the wounds were captured before replaced by regenerated skin, whereas there was still a
each sampling to monitor their healing progress for gross 1.40% residual wound in the control group. The findings
observation. The skin injury areas were visualized using indicate that the CML-scaffold had a notable capability to
ImageJ and superimposed to depict the extent of skin promote wound healing significantly.
repair (Figure 6B). The wound area was quantitatively Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining was performed
analyzed using ImageJ to calculate the wound healing to evaluate the extent of epithelialization and tissue
rate (Figure 6C). In both the control and CML-scaffold regeneration in the injuries of both groups (Figure 7A
groups, wound contraction began on day 4, with wound and C). On day 4 post-modeling, granulation tissue

Volume 10 Issue 5 (2024) 553 doi: 10.36922/ijb.4069