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ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Scaffold-free, Label-free, and Nozzle-free Magnetic

Levitational Bioassembler for Rapid Formative

Biofabrication of 3D Tissues and Organs

Vladislav A. Parfenov 1,2† *, Stanislav V. Petrov , Frederico D. A. S. Pereira ,
1†
1
Aleksandr A. Levin , Elizaveta V. Koudan , Elizaveta K. Nezhurina , Pavel A. Karalkin ,
1
3
1,3
1
Mikhail M. Vasiliev , Oleg F. Petrov , Vladimir S. Komlev , Yusef D. Khesuani ,
4
4
2
1††
Vladimir A. Mironov 1,5††
1 Laboratory for Biotechnological Research, “3D Bioprinting Solutions,” Moscow, Russia
2 A.A. Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
3 P.A. Hertsen Moscow Oncology Research Center, National Medical Research Radiological Center, Moscow, Russia
4 Joint Institute for High Temperatures, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
5 I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov
University), Moscow, Russia
† These authors contributed equally to this work
†† Both researchers are senior authors in this paper

Abstract: Scaffolding is the conceptual framework of conventional tissue engineering. Over the past decade, scaffold-free
approaches as a potential alternative to classic scaffold-based methods have emerged, and scaffold-free magnetic levitational
tissue engineering (magnetic force-based tissue engineering [Mag-TE]) is a type of this novel tissue engineering strategy.
However, Mag-TE is often based on the use of potentially toxic magnetic nanoparticles. Scaffold-free and label-free magnetic
levitational bioassembly do not employ magnetic nanoparticles and thus, the potential toxicity of magnetic nanoparticles can
be avoided. In this short review, we describe the conceptual foundation of scaffold-free, label-free, and nozzle-free formative
biofabrication using magnetic fields as “scaffields.” The design and implementation of “Organ.Aut,” the first commercial
magnetic levitational bioassembler, and the potential applications of magnetic bioassembler are discussed as well.
Keywords: Magnetic levitation, Bioassembler, Formative biofabrication, Tissue spheroids, Scaffield

*Corresponding Authors: Vladislav A. Parfenov, Kashirskoye Shosse, 68-2, Moscow 115409, Russian Federation; vapar@mail.ru; Vladimir A.
Mironov, Kashirskoye Shosse, 68-2, Moscow 115409, Russian Federation; vladimir.mironov54@gmail.com
Received: June 21, 2020; Accepted: July 14, 2020; Published Online: July 28, 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Section: Bioprinting in Russia)

Citation: Parfenov VA, Stanislav VP, Petrov SV, et al., 2020, Scaffold-free, Label-free, and Nozzle-free Magnetic Levitational
Bioassembler for Rapid Formative Biofabrication of Three-dimensional Tissues and Organs, Int J Bioprint, 6(3): 304.
DOI: 10.18063/ijb.v6i3.304.

1 Introduction according to the digital model [1-3] . 3D bioprinting
promises to solve the shortage of human organs
The three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting could be for transplantation, which is an urgent but still
defined as an automated, robotic, layer-by-layer unsolved problem of clinical medicine. Today,
additive biofabrication of 3D tissues, and organs there are three most common and well-established

© 2020 Parfenov, et al. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), permitting all non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
original work is properly cited.
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